Properties of bio-oil and bio-char produced by sugar cane bagasse pyrolysis in a stainless steel tubular reactor

In this study, compositional analysis of the products obtained by thermal degradation of sugar cane bagasse at various pyrolysis temperatures (300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750 and 800 °C) and heating rate (5, 10, 20 and 50 °C/min) was studied. Sugar cane bagasse was pyrolyzed in a stainless steel tubular reactor. The aim of this work was to experimentally investigate how the temperature and heating rate affects liquid and char product yields via pyrolysis and to determine optimal condition to have a better yield of these products. Liquid product (bio-oil) obtained under the most suitable conditions were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, C-NMR and HNMR. In addition, column chromatography was employed to determine the aliphatic fraction (Hexane Eluate); gas chromatography and FT-IR were achieved on aliphatic fractions. For char product (bio-char), the elemental chemical composition and yield of the char were determined. The results of our work showed that the amount of liquid product (bio-oil) from pyrolysis of sugar cane bagasse increases with increasing the final temperature and decreases with increasing the heating rate. The highest yield of liquid product is obtained from the samples at 550 °C and at the heating rate of 5°C/min, the maximal average yield achieved almost 32.80 wt%. The yield of char generally decreases with increasing the temperature, the char yield passes from 39.7 wt% to 21 wt% at the heating rate of 5°C/min and from 32 wt% to 17.2 wt% at the heating rate of 50 °C/min at the same range of temperature (300–800 °C). The analysis of bio-oil showed the presence of an aliphatic character and that it is possible to obtain liquid products similar to petroleum from sugar cane bagasse waste. The solid products (bio-char) obtained in the presence of nitrogen (N2) contain a very important percentage of carbon and high higher heating values (HHV)

Additional file 1: of Bidirectional promoters exhibit characteristic chromatin modification signature associated with transcription elongation in both sense and antisense directions

Figure S1. Design of dual reporter vector and bidirectional transcription from bidirectional promoters cloned in antisense orientation. (A) The strategy for introducing eGFP and mCherry under a common regulatory DNA element is shown. This vector construct is designed to provide a quantitative readout in live cells based on strand-specific promoter activity. Intense red and green colors indicate direction of promoter activity. Three constructs are shown in the scheme, in middle is pDR vector with no promoter element, Right side shows construct with CMV promoter antisense to mCherry, left side shows construct with CMV promoter antisense to eGFP. (B) Clones from Fig. 1 in their antisense orientation show the same outcome. (PDF 1427 kb

Additional file 2: of Bidirectional promoters exhibit characteristic chromatin modification signature associated with transcription elongation in both sense and antisense directions

Figure S2. Characterization of the bidirectional gene pair NFYA-OARD1. (A) The figure shows relative expression of NFYA-OARD1 in Jurkat cells as measured by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The expression levels are normalized to GAPDH (B) Fluorescence images of the NFYA-OARD1 intergenic region when cloned into the pDR vector. The orientation of each clone with respect to NFYA is depicted below each set of images. Scale bar denotes 400 μm. (C) Flow cytometry plots of cells transfected with NFYA-OARD1 cloned into pDR vector in which NFYA is in sense orientation to mCherry. As a control NFYA cloned into eGFP-N1 vector was used wherein NFYA drives the expression of GFP. The axes denoting mCherry and eGFP are depicted adjacent to the plots. (PDF 1434 kb

Additional file 5: of Bidirectional promoters exhibit characteristic chromatin modification signature associated with transcription elongation in both sense and antisense directions

Figure S5. H3K27ac distribution on bidirectional gene with different intergenic region in H1 ES cells. The figure shows enrichment of H3K27ac at the bidirectional genes pairs with intergenic distance up to 1000 bp. Intergenic distance is represented as the number of nucleosomes that could potentially be accommodated. Data are shown for the gene pairs which have intergenic region that could contain 2 to 6 nucleosomes assuming 170 bp length for wrapping around each octamer and inclusive of the 20 bp linker. Cumulative expression is calculated by summation of fold enrichment signal at every location in a 4 Kb window for each category and dividing by the highest value of signal in the respective category as described in ‘Methods’. (A) Cumulative enrichment of H3K27ac on bidirectional genes which are asymmetric with respect to their expression profiles. (B) Cumulative enrichment of H3K27ac on bidirectional genes which are symmetric with respect to their expression profiles. (PDF 1135 kb

MOESM3 of A comprehensive epigenome map of Plasmodium falciparum reveals unique mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and identifies H3K36me2 as a global mark of gene suppression

Additional file 3: Table S6. Co-ordinates for transcription start sites (TSSs) and transcription termination sites (TTSs) for all the Plasmodium falciparum genes

MOESM1 of A comprehensive epigenome map of Plasmodium falciparum reveals unique mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and identifies H3K36me2 as a global mark of gene suppression

Additional file 1. Combined Additional Figures S1–S11 and Additional Tables S1–S4, S7 and S8. Figure S1. Validation of H3K4me3 and H3K9ac ChIP-seq in Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite chromatin by ChIP-qPCR. Figure S2. Average transcribed genome coverage in ChIP-sequencing at different stages of Plasmodium falciparum growth. Figure S3. Comparison of H3K4me3 and H3K9ac data produced in this study with existing ChIP-sequencing data for these two histone modifications. Figure S4. Comparison of H3K4me3 modification profile of the data produced in this study with existing ChIP-sequencing data. Figure S5. Comparison of the expression between wild type and SETvs knockout conditions. Figure S6. Gene Ontology (GO) Analysis of the clusters based on histone modification profiles. Figure S7. Correlation between gene expression and length of different cultures. Figure S8. Clustering of P. falciparum CVM genes based on histone modification profiles. Figure S9. Comparison of profiles of H3K4me3 and H3K9ac after normalizing with pan-H3 over averaged Plasmodium falciparum genes. Figure S10. Western blot for histone modifications using Plasmodium falciparum lysate. Figure S11. Representative alignments of new TSSs, 5’EST with reported gene models. Table S1. Sequence statistics for ChIP-sequencing performed in this study of Plasmodium falciparum. Table S2. Sequence statistics for ChIP-sequencing and RNA sequencing from GEO data base for Plasmodium falciparum. Table S3. Sequence statistics and accession number of human histone modifications. Table S4. Correlation of histone modifications and transcription including and excluding virulence genes. Table S7. Primers used for ChIP-qPCR and PCR. Table S8. Co-ordinates and primers used for the cloning of bidirectional promoters

MOESM2 of A comprehensive epigenome map of Plasmodium falciparum reveals unique mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and identifies H3K36me2 as a global mark of gene suppression

Additional file 2: Table S5. List of genes and their co-ordinates for each cluster is provided in a separate excel file