Biodiesel dari Limbah Pabrik Gula dan Minyak Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas) dengan Katalisator Zeolit Alam Klinoptilolite

The fuel price increase with the increase of the number of transportation due to the increasing numbers of the population. Indonesia with more than 200 million people in need of transportation fuels in the form of gasoline and diesel in large quantities. Currently the main source of transportation fuels derived from petroleum. Premium production in Indonesia is about 62 million barrels and production of about 87 million barrels of diesel fuel. The product does not include the use for other needs, such as lubricating oil, kerosene, avgas, as well as other materials. This is particularly worrying given the oil reserves are dwindling. One of the alternative energy for transportation fuels is biodiesel as a substitute for diesel fuel.The castor oil has potential to be used as biodiesel. Fusel oil is a sugar mill waste containing alcohol. The reaction between castor oil and fusel oil with natural zeolite catalyst klinoptilolite be referred to as alcoholysis reactions that produce esters. Castor oil and fusel oil mixed with zeolite powder klinoptilolite that previously had been heated in a separate place until it reached its boiling temperature. Three neck flask fitted with a thermometer, hoses trailer makers, heater, and the agitator on 100 rpm with 100 oC of temperature. Snapshot taken at intervals of 30 minutes each. Conversion reaction calculated by analyzing the levels of glycerol bottom layer by means asetin. Alcoholysis fusel oil and castor oil with natural zeolite catalyst klinoptilolite produce esters that are approaching the properties of diesel oil with a calorific value of 19 119 Btu/lb. Optimum conversion of 57 % was obtained in alcohol - oil ratio of 9.29 mgek/mgek and the addition of a catalyst as much as 2.56% of the weight of oil

APLIKASI PAKAN PELET BUATAN UNTUK PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS BUDIDAYA IKAN AIR TAWAR

This activity aims to provide guidance, training, and mentoring to help resolve problems faced by partners, including high operational costs of fish farming because of the high cost of factory-made pellets, limited understanding and knowledge of fish farming techniques, and limited access to business capital in groups of freshwater fish farming in village of Jerukagung Srumbung Magelang. In this activity, the use of semi-intensive farming technology was introduced and the introduction of mixer and fish pellet feed making machines technology were able to produce pellets independently for groups of fish farmers. Semi-intensive system farming techniques are proven to be able to increase productivity at a low cost to replace the conventional methods that have been done so far. The service program was completed in eight months, divided into three stages consisting of competency enhancement, technology development, and partnership development. The use of semi-intensive farming technology by applying good pond water maintenance techniques, selecting the right seeds, and optimal feeding techniques has been shown to increase fish production. High feed costs during the enlargement process which can reach 75% of the total cost can be replaced using pellet feed has made by group using local raw materials that are easily available in the surrounding area or environment, so as to reduce feed costs by up to 25%

STRATEGI START-UP PRODUKSI BIOGAS DARI CAMPURAN SAMPAH BUAH : TRANSISI OPERASI DARI KOTORAN SAPI KE LIMBAH BUAH

Adequacy of petroleum as a source of energy has almost arrived at the end of his time. Biogas is a renewable energy source that can be used to meet most of the world's energy needs. Fruit waste has good potential as a substrate because of the high content of organic matter, but some fruits contain inhibitors compounds. Citrus fruits, besides acidic, also contain limonene. In the process of anaerobic, methane-producing microorganisms (methanogens) are the most sensitive to the presence of these inhibitors. Start-up is key to the success of biodigesters in order to operate optimally. Balanced growth of methanogenic and non methanogenic microbial is developed on the start-up process so that the whole series of reactions that occur are hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis can perform well. Start-up process can also be used as a process of adaptation of microorganisms to the inhibitor, during a given enough time. This study aims to try the start-up strategy to run semi-continuous biodigesters use fruit waste in a proportion with cow dung as substrate. Biodigester designed using a loading rate of 40 kg/(m3.day) with an effective volume of 16 liters of slurry. Feed was given at 6% TS%. Biodigester equipped with inlet feed, effluent channel expenditure, manometers, magnetic stirrer and a 12 liters gas holder. The feed composition comprises a mixture of fruit of melon, citrus and apples, mixed with a certain ratio with cow dung. The results showed that with gradual increase of fruit waste ratio on the feed composition, the biodigester can produce biogas 9.158 mL/g.d. Biodigester can handle fruit waste composition up to 35% or equivalent to 44.44 ppm limonene concentration on daily feed. Biodigesters can still operate optimally even with the lowest pH to 6.6. Highest methane content is 75.63% at the feed composition S1. The average methane concentration obtained was 62.15%. Acclimatization time required biodigesters for feed composition S0, S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 respectively 21, 14, 18, 24, 28 and 65 days

The effect of repeated alkali pretreatments on the morphological characteristics of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-reinforced epoxy adhesive composite

In this study, the effect of low-concentration (4 wt) alkali and bleaching pre-treatments on the fibrillation of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers were evaluated. The OPEFB fibers were subjected to repeated weak alkali treatment and bleached by hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solution. Fibrillation was accomplished via mechanical process by a household blender. The obtained cellulose morphology was used to find paper-like sheets that were coated with epoxy resin to produce composites by sheet lamination. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that hemicellulose and lignin were partially removed and fiber dispersion strongly depended on the number of alkali treatment cycles. Scanning electron microscopy showed that fibers that underwent 12 alkali treatment cycles presented the most effective fibrillation. In addition, the blender fibrillation of cellulose fibers in a mild (6 wt) alkali solution required less energy than blending in a neutral aqueous medium and improved fibrillation into nanofibrils. The obtained average diameters of the microfibrils and nanofibrils were approximately 7 μm and 89 nm, respectively. The tensile strength and Young's modulus of the composites were approximately 3.6 and 20 times higher, respectively, than those of neat epoxy resin. The proposed chemo-mechanical method could facilitate the use of micro-nanofibrils extracted from OPEFB for fiber-based materials and polymeric composites. © 2022 Elsevier Lt