Integration of Anhydrous Sodium Acetate (ASAc) into Concrete Pavement for Protection Against Harmful Impact of De-icing Salt

Whilst application of deicing salt is essential to maintain the serviceability of concrete pavements in winter months, penetration of salt through microcracks and pores can be harmful to the underlying reinforcement. The aim of the work presented herein is to develop a shielded concrete by integrating a novel anhydrous sodium acetate (ASAc) compound into fresh concrete. The results of a comprehensive laboratory investigation to analyze the mechanical, physical, and morphological properties of the shielded concrete are presented to identify an optimum mixture design that preserves the compressive strength while enhancing the waterproofing and resistance against chloride penetration of the concrete. Trials were conducted by integrating 2% and 4% ASAc into concrete with four water-to-cement (w/c) ratios of 0.32, 0.37, 0.40, and 0.46. The initial surface absorption test, salt ponding, and compressive strength tests along with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses were conducted to evaluate the performance and investigate the interaction mechanism of each mixture. The results demonstarted that an optimum mix design could be produced by adding 4% ASAc into mixes with w/c ratio of 0.37 or 0.32

Management and Facilities for Organizing Worship Guidance at the Madrasa Mosque in West Java

The mosque in Madrasah has an advaced goal regarding the demands of understanding, belief and practice of religion. The mosque as an organized institution is in principle the same, which requires the availability of facilities in accordance with the number of worshipers in the madrasa. On this basis this research focuses on: (1) aspects of mosque management at the planning, implementation, control and development stages; (2) An overview of available mosque facilities; (3 Organizing human resources from various elements of the congregation. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The place of research is a mosque in the madrasa environment in West Java Province. The object of research is the mosque's human resources in religious guidance activities. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews and documentation Source of water for thaharah, number of water faucets, wc rooms, prayer rooms, loudspeakers, lighting, floor pads, places to store footwear, insulating pilgrims' rooms, and pulpit requires analysis, whether the facilities are in accordance with the number of worshipers in the madrasa The involvement of pilgrims who are in the madrasa, both students, teachers and employees in giving worship especially congregational prayer is a demand

Impact of tire and traffic parameters on water pressure in pavement

It is generally believed that, irrespective of pavement type, the water on the pavement surface, water buildup in the internal voids, and water pressure through cracks due to traffic action play a significant role in the functional and structural failure of the pavement. Although extensive studies on water-related material degradation have been conducted in the last 50 years, research on measuring water pressure due to dynamic action of load and its impact on pavement performance is very limited. The influence of tire characteristics on asphalt surfaces is also very limited. This study attempts to address the impact of water and tire parameters in the pavement subjected to dynamic loading. The idealized pavement consists of a 100-mm concrete slab with a 2-mm continuous fissure. The concrete pavement was overlaid with a 20-mm semipermeable asphalt surface to evaluate the influence of asphalt surfaces on the water pressure. The slabs were submerged with 2- and 4-mm water and were subjected to 5- and 10-kN loads applied at 1, 5, 10, and 15 Hz. The loading plate was designed to simulate new and partly worn tires with a square and a square with a channel pattern with up to 8-mm thickness to represent tread characteristics. It was found that dynamic water pressure increases significantly when high-frequency loading is combined with a square type of tread, and water is trapped inside the groove, which generates pumping action. The water pressure also increases with thread thickness. Load magnitude and depth of surface water have a marginal impact on the water pressure in the pavement

Development of Hydrophobic Concrete by Adding Dual-Crystalline Admixture at Mixing Stage

A novel approach has been presented to add a dual‐crystalline hydrophobic admixture in fresh concrete for improving hydrophobicity against chloride and harmful chemicals. Dual‐crystalline material can utilize water of the fresh concrete to form crystals, but the challenge is to maintain adequate hydration and strength while improving hydrophobicity. This study presents the results from a comprehensive laboratory investigation on the application of 1, 2 and 8% of crystallizing aqueous and cementitious hydrophobic mineral in fresh concrete. Despite the high slump in the fresh mixture, no segregation was observed in the matured concrete. There was a marginal reduction of strength when a high percentage of admixture was used. Despite this, significant reduction of water absorption was observed indicating greater hydrophobicity. The optimum performance was found in mixtures with 2% admixture. Mixture with 2% aqueous hydrophobic admixture revealed marginal strength gain compared to 2% crystalline cementitious hydrophobic admixture, although water protection appears to be better in cementitious mixture

Fundamental interaction of hydrophobic materials in concrete with different moisture contents in saline environment

The present paper investigates the performance and efficacy of four protective surface applied materials; sodium acetate, fluoropolymer, silicone resin and silane when applied to marine structures with different moisture contents. Materials were applied to fully dry and fully saturated concrete along with concrete with 2% and 4% moisture contents. The interaction mechanism of the materials with concrete and their microstructural and morphological assessments were conducted by running SEM, EDX and FTIR analyses to evaluate their performance in the presence of moisture. Also, their efficacy in protecting concrete from water ingress and chloride penetration was evaluated by operating the Initial Surface Absorption Test (ISAT) and Unidirectional salt ponding test respectively. Results demonstrated that moisture content imposes a vital effect on the interaction of the materials with concrete and their adhesion inside the pores, and consequently their efficacy in reducing both, water and chloride penetration

Development of Hydrophobic Concrete by Adding Dual-Crystalline Admixture at Mixing Stage

A novel approach has been presented to add a dual‐crystalline hydrophobic admixture in fresh concrete for improving hydrophobicity against chloride and harmful chemicals. Dual‐crystalline material can utilize water of the fresh concrete to form crystals, but the challenge is to maintain adequate hydration and strength while improving hydrophobicity. This study presents the results from a comprehensive laboratory investigation on the application of 1, 2 and 8% of crystallizing aqueous and cementitious hydrophobic mineral in fresh concrete. Despite the high slump in the fresh mixture, no segregation was observed in the matured concrete. There was a marginal reduction of strength when a high percentage of admixture was used. Despite this, significant reduction of water absorption was observed indicating greater hydrophobicity. The optimum performance was found in mixtures with 2% admixture. Mixture with 2% aqueous hydrophobic admixture revealed marginal strength gain compared to 2% crystalline cementitious hydrophobic admixture, although water protection appears to be better in cementitious mixture

KONSEP DAN IMPLEMENTASI KELUARGA IDEAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF MAQĀŞID SYARİ’AH IBN ‘ASYUR

The family has been around for thousands of years. As the smallest unit in society, it has survived and is able to grow in line with the needs of its people. The rights and obligations of individuals in a unique (and culturally related) family make the family deserve to be an endless unit of research analysis. The conclusion of this study is the concept of Maqāṣid Syarī'ah in the family according to Ţahir Ibn 'Asyur: the family is the basis of human civilization and the orderliness of the order of society. In connection with Ibn 'Asyur's view of the application of the Maqāṣid Syarī'ah in the family: Islām Regulates the distribution of sexual desires, for there are adverse and destructive effects if not regulated. Meanwhile, custody in marriage is a form of protection against both parties. Wedding announcements generally aim to achieve two main goals: caring and mutual respect. The great concern of the Syari'ah regarding the protection of the noble is to prevent all the causes of the disputes it cause

Evaluation of chloride absorption in preconditioned concrete cubes

The chloride contamination will occur from the application of de-icing salts. It was confirmed that the application of de-icing salts caused a significant reduction in structural and serviceability reliabilities. The chemicals used in the snow and ice control operations (de-icers) may cause corrosion damage to the transportation infrastructure such as reinforced/pre-stressed concrete structures and steel bridges. There are many ways to manage the corrosive effects of de-icers, such as selection of high-quality concrete, adequate concrete cover and alternative reinforcement, control of the ingress and accumulation of deleterious species, injection of beneficial species into concrete, and use of non-corrosive de-icer alternatives and optimal application rates. In fact, snow and ice on streets and highways are a major threat to human life and limb. Traffic accidents and fatalities climb as snow and ice reduce traction on roadways. Lengthened emergency response times create additional risks for persons in urgent need of medical care, particularly in cases of heart attacks, burns, childbirth and poisoning. Thus the de-icing salts are necessary to provide safe winter driving conditions and save lives by preventing the freezing of a layer of ice on concrete infrastructure. However, the safety and sense of comfort provided by these salts is not without a price, as these salts can greatly contribute to the degradation and decay of reinforced concrete transportation systems. The importance of chloride concentration as a durability-based material property has received greater attention only after the revelation that chloride-induced corrosion is the major problem for concrete durability. Therefore, there is a need to quantify the chloride concentration in concrete which is of paramount importance. The present research work was made an attempt to interpret the concrete chloride absorption in ordered to characterize the different concrete mixtures design for in case of pre-conditioned concrete cubes such as dry/fully/partially saturated condition and salt ponded with chloride solution for about 160 days. Thus the objectives of this present research are such as: First, this research will examine the influence of conditioning such as dry/fully/partially saturated condition on the results of chloride concentration performed on concrete cubes with different mixtures proportion in which slump, and w/c ratio value was varied with constant compressive strength as in the First case and compressive strength, and w/c ratio value varied with constant slump as in the Second case. Seventy-two concrete cubes (100 mm3 ) with Grades of concrete ranges from 25 to 40 N/mm2 were prepared and evaluate the chloride absorption under different exposure condition. It’s concluded from the results that, in dry/saturated conditioned concrete cubes, the chloride absorption value was increased in all designed mixtures type. Similarly, the average chloride concentration was decreased in solvent based and water based impregnation DCC/PSC/FSC cubes as when compared to control DCC/PSC/FSC cubes for constant higher compressive strength and varied slump value as well as varied compressive strength and constant slump value. Whereas the average chloride absorption was increased in solvent based and water based impregnation DCC/PSC/FSC cubes for lesser compressive strength and constant slump value as when compared to constant higher compressive strength and varied slump value and the chloride concentration was going on decreases with increased compressive strength and constant slump value

Performance Enhancement of Self-Compacting Concrete in Saline Environment by Hydrophobic Surface Protection

The purpose of this research is to enhance the performance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) to make it a more sustainable alternative to traditional concrete. SCC serves the purpose in harsh environments, therefore, requires protection against de-icing agents and harmful saline environments. This paper reports the results from a laboratory study evaluating the efficacy of two impregnants; pure-silane and water-based silane. Both materials were applied on dry and wet SCC specimens manufactured with high and medium doses of superplasticizer. When treatment is applied on dry samples, a significant reduction in chloride penetration was noticed. However, the impregnants were less effective when applied on specimens subjected to intermediate and long-term exposure to water. In dry conditions, pure-silane performed better than the water-based silane, although they had a similar performance when applied on wet specimens. In addition, increasing the internal moisture content has shown an adverse effect on the efficacy of both materials