Introduction: Migration policy - theoretical and conceptual issues

Asian Migration Policy: South, Southeast and East Asia1-1

Antigenic detection of feline panleukopenia virus in local breed cats at Tangail district in Bangladesh

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is highly contagious viral disease of cat, responsible for high mortality but to our knowledge, there is not report for the antigenic detection of FPV in Bangladesh. Therefore, a cross-sectional survey was carried out for the antigenic detection of FPV in 58 randomly selected cats consisted of 46 pet and 12 stray cats at Tangail district in Bangladesh during May to October 2009. Rectal swab samples were collected from all cats and tested by commercial rapid RapiGEN® Feline Parvo Virus (FPV) Ag Test Kit (RapiGEN Inc., Korea) following the manufacturer’s instructions. This study revealed that 22.41% of cats were found positive for FPV. The infection was more prevalent in cats less than 2 months (29.62%) compared with cats of age group 2 months to 1 year (21.43%) and age group > 1 year (11.76%) and higher prevalence of FPV was recorded in female (26.92%) than those of male (18.75 %) cats. A higher prevalence of FPV was recorded in stray cats (41.67%) than that of pet cats (17.39%) and in diarrhoeic cats (29.73%) than those of non-diarrhoeic cats (9.52%). There were no significant relationship with test results and variables. The knowledge of the status of feline panleukopenia infection in cats of study area would be helpful for initiating preventive measures

Asian migration policy: South, Southeast and East Asia

Asian Migration Policy: South, Southeast and East Asia1-28

Concurrent infection and seasonal distribution of gastrointestinal parasites in cross-bred cattle of Sirajganj district in Bangladesh

Aim: To determine the extent of concurrent infection and seasonal distribution of gastrointestinal parasites in cross-bred cattle of Shahzadpur upazila of Sirajganj district, Bangladesh.Materials and Methods: Faecal samples from 4248 cross-bred cattle presented to the diagnostic centre of Milk Vita, Baghabari, Sirajganj with complains of digestive disturbances over the period from November, 2008 to October, 2009 were examined grossly with naked eye followed by microscopic examination with direct smear method, Will's floatation and sedimentation techniques.Results: Out of 4248 faecal samples examined, 3268 (76.93%) samples harboured one or more parasitic ova or cyst and the rest 980 (23.07%) samples found free of parasitic ova or cyst. Among the positive cases, single infection of fascioliasis (29.0.5%), paramphistomiasis (8.3%), toxocariasis (11.32%), haemonchosis (2.47%), monieziasis (0.7%), balantidiasis (4.19%), trichuriasis (1.1%), trichostrongylosis (1.4%) and strongyloidosis (1.6%) were diagnosed. Mixed infection with at least two (dual infection) and/ or any three of above mentioned parasitic species (triple infection) were also recorded. Cattle harbouring eggs of one parasite were more common [60.03% (95% Confidence interval (CI): 58.53, 61.51)] than those harbouring eggs of two [15.44% (95% CI, 14.36, 16.56)] or three [1.46% (95% CI, 1.12, 1.87)] parasites concurrently. Significantly (p0.05). A non-significant (p>0.005) decreasing trend of occurrence from winter through summer and rainy season was also observed in case of trichostrongylosis.Conclusion: The result of current study clearly indicate that helminth infections are highly prevalent in cross-bred cattle of the study area. The findings on abundance and distribution of gastrointestinal parasitism in different age groups of cattle, the poly-parasitism nature of the disease and the seasonal variation of occurrence obtained from present study will therefore assist the clinicians for forecasting of parasitism and make awareness among the farmers to take appropriate control measures against them

Tube agglutination test is superior than other serological tests for diagnosis of brucellosis in small ruminants.

Brucella spp. are small, non-motile Gram-negative coccobacilli known to cause disease in a number of vertebrate species including humans and brucellosis is one of the world's major zoonoses, alongside bovine tuberculosis and rabies. There are about 33.55 million goats and 1.16 million sheep in Bangladesh. The sheep and goats can significantly play an important role in the economic well being of the resource-poor farmer in Bangladesh. Sexually matured 362 female small ruminants(300 goats and 62 sheep) were examined. Approximately 3-5 ml of blood was collected from the jugular vein of each animal and sera samples were prepared. Samples were then tested for brucellosis by using Rose Bengal test(RBT), plate agglutination test(PAT) and tube agglutination test(TAT). Among 362 small ruminants, irrespective of species(sheep or goat), diagnosed highest in TAT, 2.21%(n=8) and lowest both by RBT & PAT, 1.93%(n=7) and it is concluded that TAT is superior than RBT and PAT

Brucella abortus is Prevalent in Both Humans and Animals in Bangladesh.

&lt;p&gt;To determine the role of different Brucella (B.) spp. in Bangladesh, 62 animal samples and 500 human sera were tested. Animal samples from cattle, goats and sheep (including milk, bull semen, vaginal swabs and placentas) were cultured for Brucella spp. Three test-positive human sera and all animal samples were screened by Brucella genus-specific real-time PCR (RT-PCR), and positive samples were then tested by IS711 RT-PCR to detect B. abortus and B. melitensis DNA. Only B. abortus DNA was amplified from 13 human and six animal samples. This is the first report describing B. abortus as the aetiological agent of brucellosis in occupationally exposed humans in Bangladesh. Of note is failure to detect B. melitensis DNA, the species most often associated with human brucellosis worldwide. Further studies are required to explore the occurrence of Brucella melitensis in Bangladesh.&lt;/p&gt;</p

Bayesian evaluation of three serological tests for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in bangladesh

We evaluated the performance of three serological tests – an immunoglobulin G indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA), a Rose Bengal test and a slow agglutination test (SAT) – for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in Bangladesh. Cattle sera (n = 1360) sourced from Mymensingh district (MD) and a Government owned dairy farm (GF) were tested in parallel. We used a Bayesian latent class model that adjusted for the conditional dependence among the three tests and assumed constant diagnostic accuracy of the three tests in both populations. The sensitivity and specificity of the three tests varied from 84.6% to 93.7%, respectively. The true prevalences of bovine brucellosis in MD and the GF were 0.6% and 20.4%, respectively. Parallel interpretation of iELISA and SAT yielded the highest negative predictive values: 99.9% in MD and 99.6% in the GF; whereas serial interpretation of both iELISA and SAT produced the highest positive predictive value (PPV): 99.9% in the GF and also high PPV (98.9%) in MD. We recommend the use of both iELISA and SAT together and serial interpretation for culling and parallel interpretation for import decisions. Removal of brucellosis positive cattle will contribute to the control of brucellosis as a public health risk in Bangladesh. © The Author(s) 2019

Hierarchical true prevalence, risk factors and clinical symptoms of tuberculosis among suspects in Bangladesh

Background The study was aimed to estimate the true prevalence of human tuberculosis (TB); identify risk factors and clinical symptoms of TB; and detect rifampicin (RIF) sensitivity in three study areas of Bangladesh. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted in three Bangladesh districts during 2018. Potential risk factors, clinical symptoms, and comorbidities were collected from 684 TB suspects. Sputum specimens were examined by LED microscopy. TB hierarchical true prevalence, risk factors and clinical symptoms were estimated and identified using a Bayesian analysis framework. Rifampicin sensitivity of M. tuberculosis (MTB) was detected by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. Results The median TB true prevalence was 14.2% (3.8; 34.5). Although overall clustering of prevalence was not found, several DOTS centers were identified with high prevalence (22.3% to 43.7%). Risk factors for TB identified (odds ratio) were age (> 25 to 45 years 2.67 (1.09; 6.99), > 45 to 60 years 3.43 (1.38; 9.19) and individuals in families/neighborhoods where a TB patient(s) has (ve) already been present (12.31 (6.79; 22.60)). Fatigue, night sweat, fever and hemoptysis were identified as important clinical symptoms. Seven of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF positive sputum specimens (65) were resistant to rifampicin. Conclusions About one in every seven TB suspects was affected with TB. A number of the TB patients carry multi drug resistant MTB. Hierarchical true prevalence estimation allowed identifying DOTS centers with high TB burden. Insights from this study will enable more efficient use of DOTScenters-based TB surveillance to end the TB epidemic in Bangladesh by 2035. © 2022 Khan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited