Translational Hurdles with Magnetic Nanoparticles and Current Clinical Scenario in Hyperthermia Applications

Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) are becoming increasingly popular for biomedical imaging and drug delivery, particularly cancer theranostics. Due to their excellent inherent properties and the accessibility to be tailor-made according to specific requirements, they stand out from the crowd and are close, yet so far. While the number of publications related to MNPs’ drug-delivery systems reported in the literature increases yearly, relatively more minor conversion has been observed from the bench to the bedside. It is of paramount importance to understand and work on the shortcomings and redesign the strategies to increase the clinical translatability of MNPs. ‘Supply as per Demand’ should be followed while designing an MNP-based delivery system. To achieve this, a better understanding of the clinical issues should be addressed early, and downstream methods should be prepared to resolve them. More significantly, all clinical problems in one delivery system should be eliminated, and one problem and one solution should be pursued. This opinion review explores the current limitations in evaluating magnetic nanoparticle performance, suggesting a promising standardized pathway to clinical translation

Acne vulgaris: A review of the pathophysiology, treatment, and recent nanotechnology based advances

Background: Globally, Acne Vulgaris is a widespread, chronic inflammatory condition of the pilosebaceous follicles. Acne is not fatal, but depending on its severity, it can leave the sufferer with scars, irritation, and significant psychological effects (including depression). In the current review, we have included various factors for acne and their treatment explained. It also narrated the current medicament and the new investigation dosage forms with clinical phases information provided. Main body of the abstract: Acne's pathophysiology involves four important factors: excessive sebum production, hyperkeratinization of pilosebaceous follicles, hyperproliferation of propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), and inflammation. Identifying both inflammatory (Papule, pustule, nodule, and cyst) and non-inflammatory (black heads, white heads) acne lesions is necessary for diagnosing and treating acne vulgaris. Short conclusion: In this review, traditional therapy approaches such as topical (i.e., retinoids and antibiotics), systemic (i.e., retinoids, antibiotics, and hormonal), and physical therapies are briefly discussed. In addition, we highlight the issues posed by P. acne's resistance to the antibiotics used in commercially available medications and the necessity for novel therapeutic techniques. Finally, we examined a few innovative acne therapies pending clinical trial approval and commercial acne medications

Recent Overview of Resveratrol’s Beneficial Effects and Its Nano-Delivery Systems

Natural polyphenols have a wide variety of biological activities and are taken into account as healthcare materials. Resveratrol is one such natural polyphenol, belonging to a group known as stilbenoids (STBs). Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is mainly found in grapes, wine, nuts, and berries. A wide range of biological activities has been demonstrated by resveratrol, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, and antiaging effects, and many more are still under research. However, as with many other plant-based polyphenol products, resveratrol suffers from low bioavailability once administered in vivo due to its susceptibility to rapid enzyme degradation by the body’s innate immune system before it can exercise its therapeutic influence. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to ensure the best use of resveratrol by creating a proper resveratrol delivery system. Nanomedicine and nanodelivery systems utilize nanoscale materials as diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled manner to specifically targeted locations. After a brief introduction about polyphenols, this review overviews the physicochemical characteristics of resveratrol, its beneficial effects, and recent advances on novel nanotechnological approaches for its delivery according to the type of nanocarrier utilized. Furthermore, the article summarizes the different potential applications of resveratrol as, for example, a therapeutic and disease-preventing anticancer and antiviral agent

Recent advances and prospects of hyaluronan as a multifunctional therapeutic system

International audienceHyaluronan (HA) is a naturally occurring non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), cell-surface-associated biopolymer and is the key component of tissue extracellular matrix (ECM). Along with remarkable physicochemical properties, HA also has multifaceted biological effects that include but not limited to ECM organization, immunomodulation, and various cellular processes. Environmental cues such as tissue injury, infection or cancer change downstream signaling functionalities of HA. Unlike native HA, the fragments of HA have diversified effects on inflammation, cancer, fibrosis, angiogenesis and autoimmune response. In this review, we aim to discuss HA as a therapeutic delivery system development process, source, biophysical-chemical properties, and associated biological pathways (especially via cell surface receptors) of native and fragmented HA. We also tried to address an overview of the potential role of HA (native HA vs fragments) in the modulation of inflammation, immune response and various cancer targeting delivery applications. This review will also highlight the HA based therapeutic systems, medical devices and future perspectives of various biomedical applications were discussed in detail

Effect of Near-Infrared Blood Photobiomodulation on Red Blood Cell Damage from the Extracorporeal Circuit during Hemodialysis In Vitro

The contact of blood with the bioincompatible membranes of the dialyzer, which is part of the extracorporeal circuit during hemodialysis (HD), causes upregulation of various cellular and non-cellular processes, including massive generation and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), (which is one of the primary causes of anemia in chronic renal failure). We hypothesize that near-infrared (NIR) radiation possesses antioxidant properties and is considered to protect the red blood cell (RBC) membrane by enhancing its resilience to negative pressures. Our experimental setup consisted of an HD machine equipped with a dialyzer with a polyamide membrane; whole bovine blood was examined in vitro in blood-treated circulation. Blood samples were taken at 0, 5, 15, and 30 min during the HD therapy. We also assessed osmotic fragility, hematocrit, hemolysis, and oxidative stress as a concentration of reactive thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS). Our results have shown that RBC membrane peroxidation increased significantly after 30 min of circulation, whereas the TBARS level in NIR-treated blood remained relatively steady throughout the experiment. The osmotic fragility of NIR-irradiated samples during dialysis was decreased compared to control samples. Our studies confirm that in vitro, blood photobiomodulation using NIR light diminishes oxidative damage during HD and can be considered a simultaneous pretreatment strategy for HD

Aging, Metabolic, and Degenerative Disorders: Biomedical Value of Antioxidants

International audienc

Two birds with one stone: oyster mushroom mediated bimetallicAu-Pt nanoparticles for agro-waste management and anticanceractivity

International audienceAgriculture has the most significant contribution in fulfilling the basic human need, sustaining life, and strengthening theeconomy of any country. To feed the exploding population of the world, there has been a quantum jump in the production ofagricultural commodities, which has led to the production of a substantial considerable quantity of agricultural and agro-industrialwastes. The bulks of these wastes are lignocellulosic in nature and consist of three main polymeric constituents, i.e., cellulose,hemicellulose, and lignin, which are recalcitrant. The primary significant portions of these remain unutilized and are burnt in thefield, leading to severe environmental aggression and wastage of resource. Farmers across the globe, including India, burn theseagricultural wastes in their thousands of acre land, which contribute to spoiling the air quality index (AQI). This is very harmful,especially to children, pregnant women, old adults, and for patients suffering from respiratory diseases. The current manuscriptsets up an agro-waste management platform by using paddy straw as a substrate for the production of nutritionally and medicallyrich oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida (Pf) and which is further used in the green synthesis of bimetallic (gold-platinum) Au-Ptnanoparticle. Yield performance and biological efficiency of Pf were calculated from the degraded paddy straw. The greensynthesized Au-Pt NPs were structurally characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and zeta potential analysis. The prepared NPs showed aface-centered cubic crystal structure, icosahedral shape with a mean particle size of 16 nm. Furthermore, we examined thecytotoxic activity of Au-Pt NPs using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, intracellularreactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and apoptosis by propidium iodide assay. We found that Au-Pt NPs exerted apoptoticactivity on the human colon cancer cell line (HCT 116) in a dose-dependent manner from 12.5 to 200 μg/mL. Overall, ourfindings create a prototype and open a new door to synthesizing functional nanoparticle by using oyster mushroom as thesubstrate for paddy straw agro-waste management and the applicability of Pf in the synthesis of eco-friendly Au-Pt NPs. Thisis the first kind of approach that kills two birds with one stone

Conversion of organic biomedical waste into potential fertilizer using isolated organisms from cow dung for a cleaner environment

International audienceManagement of organic biomedical waste is a global quandary, and it is becoming difficult to confront day by day. Conversion oforganic biomedical waste into fertilizer is of great concern. In the present research, organic biomedical waste samples (bloodswabs, dressing swabs, and used cotton) were collected then after cow dung was collected in sterile container and immediatelytransported to the laboratory and screened for any gastrointestinal infection by using routine microscopy for intestinal parasiticinfection, routine bacterial culture, and fecal occult blood for any intestinal bleeding. Then after, the pure culture of organisms andfungus were prepared, and further samples were subjected to degradation for 288 h by using various organisms and fungus. Thenafter, the specific quantity of biomedical waste was subjected for incineration. The physicochemical parameters of biomedicalwaste samples were analyzed. Then treated samples were mixed with soil to confirm a role as potential fertilizer. Then after,tomato plantation was done and phytochemical parameters of tomato plant were analyzed. This study states that organicbiomedical waste produces a sanitary and stable fertilizer

Near-infrared photobiomodulation of blood reversibly inhibits platelet reactivity and reduces hemolysis

Photobiomodulation (PBM) in the red/near-infrared (R/NIR) spectral range has become widely recognized due to its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective potential. We aimed to assess the effects of blood PBM on platelets function and hemolysis in an in vitro setting. Porcine blood samples were separated into four aliquots for this study, one of which served as a control, while the other three were subjected to three different NIR PBM dosages. The platelet count and functions and the plasma free haemoglobin and osmotic fragility of red blood cells were measured during the experiment. The control group had a considerable drop in platelet number, but the NIR exposed samples had more minimal and strictly dose-dependent alterations. These modifications were consistent with ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Furthermore, red blood cells that had received PBM were more resistant to osmotic stress and less prone to hemolysis, as seen by a slightly lower quantity of plasma free hemoglobin. Here we showed under well-controlled in vitro conditions that PBM reversibly inhibits platelet activation in a dose-dependent manner and reduces hemolysis

Adhesive hydrogels in osteoarthritis: from design to application

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of degenerative joint disease which affects 7% of the global population and more than 500 million people worldwide. One research frontier is the development of hydrogels for OA treatment, which operate either as functional scaffolds of tissue engineering or as delivery vehicles of functional additives. Both approaches address the big challenge: establishing stable integration of such delivery systems or implants. Adhesive hydrogels provide possible solutions to this challenge. However, few studies have described the current advances in using adhesive hydrogel for OA treatment. This review summarizes the commonly used hydrogels with their adhesion mechanisms and components. Additionally, recognizing that OA is a complex disease involving different biological mechanisms, the bioactive therapeutic strategies are also presented. By presenting the adhesive hydrogels in an interdisciplinary way, including both the fields of chemistry and biology, this review will attempt to provide a comprehensive insight for designing novel bioadhesive systems for OA therapy