Yield and morpho-physiological traits of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) as affected by azotobacter, mycorrhizal symbiosis and biochar application

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and azotobacter with the application of biochar on tobacco growth parameters, yield and nicotine content under rainfed conditions for two growing seasons (2016-2017 and 2017-2018). The factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with four replications and three factors including biochar at three levels (0, 4 and 8 ton/ha), mycorrhizal fungi and Azotobacter chroococcum each one at two levels (without and with application). Results showed that biochar application had a significant and positive effect on all evaluated parameters. However, there was no statistically significant difference between 4 and 8 tons per hectare of biochar in yield. Mycorrhizal symbiosis had a significant effect on relative water content. Application of azotobacter had a positive and significant effect on growth parameters, yield and nicotine content under rainfed conditions for two growing seasons (2016-2017 and nicotine content. The greatest effect of azotobacter with a 17% increase was on leaf nicotine content. Whereas tobacco dry yield in rainfed conditions is lower, the combined use of biochar and these biofertilizers can be considered a desirable solution. Then in terms of economic aspects, the use of 4 tons biochar per hectare along with the use of mycorrhiza and azotobacter to achieve acceptable yield while maintaining chemical quality in tobacco farms is recommended

Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in elementary school students in Hamadan

ABSTRACT Background and aims: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent disorder in children. Due to the importance of the disorder in children and its complications, this study aimed to assess the relation of the disorder with demographic factors in students of schools located in the Hamadan city, west of Iran. Methods: In this study, 1000 students were selected through randomized cluster sampling from Hamadan elementary schools in 2014. Data were gathered using Conners questionnaire. Conners questionnaire completed by teachers and parents. Results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software through Chi-square, Pierson correlation coefficient, and T-test. Results: The overall ADHD prevalence rate in this sample was determined to be 11.3. For boys, this prevalence rate of ADHD was 19.4 and had significant difference with girls (P<0.01). The prevalence of ADHD in families with 1-3 children was 8.7 while it was 15.8 in families with 4 children and more. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.003). There was also higher prevalence among children of parents with lower level of education. Conclusion: ADHD is prevalent in community of Iran. Results indicated that diagnosis must be based on exact and persistent psychological symptoms. It is necessary that schools authorities in region 1 and 2 of Hamadan city take steps to find the cases and manage them

Occupational Health Services Integrated in Primary Health Care in Iran

Introduction: A healthy workforce is vital for maintaining social and economic development on a global, national and local level. Around half of the world's people are economically active and spend at least one third of their time in their place of work while only 15% of workers have access to basic occupational health services. According to WHO report, since the early 1980s, health indicators in Iran have consistently improved, to the extent that it is comparable with those in developed countries. In this paper it was tried to briefly describe about Health care system and occupational Health Services as part of Primary Health care in Iran. Methods: To describe the health care system in the country and the status of occupational health services to the workers and employers, its integration into Primary Health Care (PHC) and outlining the challenges in provision of occupational health services to the all working population. Findings: Iran has fairly good health indicators. More than 85 percent of the population in rural and deprived regions, for instance, have access to primary healthcare services. The PHC centers provide essential healthcare and public-health services for the community. Providing, maintaining and improving of the workers' health are the main goals of occupational health services in Iran that are presented by different approaches and mostly through Workers' Houses in the PHC system. Conclusions: Iran has developed an extensive network of PHC facilities with good coverage in most rural areas, but there are still few remote areas that might suffer from inadequate services. It seems that there is still no transparent policy to collaborate with the private sector, train managers or provide a sustainable mechanism for improving the quality of services. Finally, strengthening national policies for health at work, promotion of healthy work and work environment, sharing healthy work practices, developing updated training curricula to improve human resource knowledge including occupational health professionals are recommended

Reconstructing breakup at sub-barrier energies

Using a position sensitive detector array, back-angle coincidence measurements of breakup fragments at sub-barrier energies has enabled the complete characterisation of the breakup processes in the reactions of 6,7Li with 208Pb. Breakup processes and the

Disentangling effects of nuclear structure in heavy element formation

Forming the same heavy compound nucleus with different isotopes of the projectile and target elements allows nuclear structure effects in the entrance channel (resulting in static deformation) and in the dinuclear system to be disentangled. Using three isotopes of Ti and W, forming 232Cm, with measurement spanning the capture barrier energies, alignment of the heavy prolate deformed nucleus is shown to be the main reason for the broadening of the mass distribution of the quasifission fragments as the beam energy is reduced. The complex, consistently evolving mass-angle correlations that are observed carry more information than the integrated mass or angular distributions, and should severely test models of quasifission

Quasifission and Shell Effects in Reactions Forming 266Sg

The role of shell effects in reactions forming the heavy element 266Sg was investigated using the Mass Angle Distribution technique. For the 34S + 232Th reaction the doubly magic shell closure at 208Pb was found to strongly influence asymmetric quasifiss

Insights into the mechanisms and time-scales of breakup of 6,7 Li

Using a back-angle detector array covering 117° to 167°, coincidence measurements of breakup fragments at sub-barrier energies have enabled the complete characterisation of the breakup processes in the reactions of 6,7Li with 208Pb. Those breakup proce

Predominance of transfer in triggering breakup in sub-barrier reactions of 6,7Li with 144Sm, 207,208Pb, and 209Bi

Coincidence measurements of breakup fragments were carried out for the 7Li+144Sm and 6,7Li+207,208Pb,209Bi reactions at sub-barrier energies. Breakup modes in reactions of 6,7Li were identified through the reaction Q values, and the time-scales of each p

Reaction dynamics of weakly bound nuclei at near-barrier energies

The above-barrier suppression of complete fusion in reactions with weakly bound stable nuclei displays a strong correlation with their breakup threshold. Simplistically, this observation suggests that suppression of complete fusion is due to the direct breakup of the weakly bound partner, prior to reaching the barrier. However, new measurements of breakup at energies below the fusion barrier show that breakup following transfer, rather than direct breakup, is the dominant mechanism. The insights into the physical mechanisms of breakup from these measurements, in conjunction with theoretical developments, are being used to obtain an understanding of the relationship between sub-barrier breakup and suppression of complete fusion

Applications of a 6.5T Superconduction Solenoidal Separator

A 6.5 Tesla superconducting gas-filled solenoid (SOLITAIRE) has been developed at the Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility at the ANU as a reaction product separator. Key features of the device allowing its application for precise measurement of heavy ion fusi