Child Labor at District Level: A Case Study of Rawalpindi

Child labor is one of the problems that occur as a result of responses to the economic problems faced by vulnerable children. Keeping in view the theoretical background of existence of child labor across the world, the study analyzes the incidence of child labor from Rawalpindi city of Pakistan. It also empirically investigates the household demographics and incidence of child labor. The earning and participation functions were estimated for a sample of 150 children. All the coefficients and overall model was observed to be statistically significant. The major determinant of child labor is poverty. Age of the child has a positive impact on participation decisions: The older the child, the more probable he is to go to work. The ownership of asset has shown a negative impact on participation decisions. The study proposes that several income support measures should be provided to poor households as an instrument for reducing child labor.Child labor, labor supply, hours of work, asset holding

How is Modernity Accepted by Consumers with Respect to Traditional Food Products? The Case of Traceability

Up till now, no researches have been done on consumers’ acceptability of new technical supporters of traceability, especially for traditional food products. Therefore, in the framework of the EU research project TRACE, we carried out focus group discussions, individual laddering interviews (with hierarchical value maps) and a choice-based conjoint experiment. Traceability is a fashionable word with different meanings whether it comes to producers or to consumers. The formers link it to technical aspects while the latter see in it a path for safe and good quality food products. How to intersect these two dimensions when advertising trend and consumer expectations are focusing on traditional food products? In France, consumers are familiar with the word traceability, however, they are not aware of the new supports of food traceability. They are still not ready for sophisticated systems and prefer the labeling ones. The more abstract the traceability support is, the more complex traceability seems to be perceived by them. Interestingly, we questioned consumers on traceability supports, they mainly responded on origin and label of origin as a simple way to track food products. This indicates that traditional origin labeled food products are considered as naturally tracked, while industrial products are perceived to come from a less identifiable source, and are better accepted with the guarantee of brand.Traceability supports, traditional, consumers, Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Consumers' perception of food traceability in Europe

Food traceability has become mandatory since 1st January 2005 in the European Union. Traceability of products and activities in the supply chain has become a new factor of competitiveness in agribusiness and is deemed to be an important criterion of perception of food product quality and safety for consumers. This paper has three objectives: i) to get a deeper understanding of the role of the "ability-to- trace" in consumer decision- making process with respect to food, ii) to measure consumers' acceptability for food traceability, iii) to check the differences of these matters across twelve European countries in order to highlight any specificity. The purpose is based on the analysis of the verbatim recorded within twenty four focus groups discussions carried- out in autumn 2005.Food Traceability, Consumer Attitudes, Focus Groups, European Countries, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Analysing the Impact of Immigration Policies on Remittance Behavior and Its Effects on the Financial Stability and Poverty Levels of Sending Communities in the United States

This research paper sheds light on describing the concept of remittance behavior in a broader context. It aims to explore the impact of immigration policies on remittance behavior of United States along with highlighting receiving and sending communities. Here, as developing countries, evidence of Bangladesh, Pakistan and India have been included. This research paper critically evaluates the significant value of remittance behavior on economic conditions of a country. Additionally, it describes the connection between migrants’ condition and remittance behavior for determining their values. Besides this, it sincerely detects the reasons of increasing migrant labors in United States and its impact on the country. It concludes the research by stating that remittance behavior, economy and migration policies of a country are interconnected

ASSESSING SOIL COMPACTION FOLLOWING A WINTER TIMBER HARVEST IN THE WESTERN UPPER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN

Harvesting during winter is encouraged as a best management practice to protect soil during logging operations. The western Upper Peninsula of Michigan typically experiences early and persistent snowfall, which insulates the forest floor and prevents soils from freezing. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of slash volume, snow depth, overstory treatment, and machine traffic intensity on soil bulk density following a winter harvest of a northern hardwood forest on cobbly silt-loam soils. The harvest was conducted at the Ford Forest in Alberta, Michigan using cut-to-length harvest systems (i.e. harvester and forwarder) during which the soil remained unfrozen. Four levels of machine traffic (high, medium, low, none) and two levels of overstory treatment (clear-cut and partial cut) were considered within a factorial experimental design. Samples were extracted using coring cylinders and separated into three depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20 cm) prior to drying, sifting and weighing. Results indicate that bulk density did not differ between the no traffic treatment and low traffic treatment at the 0-5 cm depth. However, soil bulk density for the no-traffic treatment was significantly lower than soil bulk density for the medium and high traffic treatments at the 0-5 cm depth. There was a significant effect for traffic in all depths, fine and full soil, except for the 5-10 fine and full soil (which had a p-value of .06). No significant effects of slash volume or snow depth were detected but there was significant effect of percent rock at each depth

Who will Speak for the Pasmandaa Women? —Dalits, Women, Muslims, and the Politics of Representation

This article questions the deliberate omissions of disadvantaged Dalit Muslim women, also known as Pasmandaa women, from feminist, Dalit, and subaltern discourses. To understand the multiplicative nature of oppression and discrimination that these women are continually subjected to, this article foregrounds the intersectionality framework to get a nuanced picture of intersecting vertices of discrimination. It argues that by excluding these severely disadvantaged women from their respective agenda, feminist and Dalit activists have contributed towards their perpetual marginality. Underlying such unaccounted absence of these women is an insouciant attitude of the Pasmandaa leaders towards them. Their approach towards the non-representation of their women and their specific concerns raises questions about the very efficacy of the Pasmandaa movement. This article has tried to seek answers to such questions by directly interrogating women of these communities through an exploratory study. Data for this article was gathered by intensive interviews of women from the community. The article draws on data from a larger ongoing study of these women in the states of UP and Bihar