Justification, Optimization and Reference Levels in Existing Exposure Situations

U radu su razmatrani zahtevi za upravljanje situacijama postojećeg izlaganja a naročito primena principa opravdanosti i optimizacije zaštite, odnosno uvođenje referentnih nivoa za uspostavljanje kontrole nad ovim situacijama. Diskutovane su preporuke iz standarda MAAE i regulative Evropske unije, koje su zasnovane na nalazima Međunarodnog komiteta za zaštitu od zračenja, kao i relevantne odredbe propisa Republike Srbije. Istaknut je značaj donošenja dugoročne Strategije upravljanja situacijama postojećeg izlaganja, sa odgovarajućim akcionim planovima za implementaciju.The requirements for managing situations of existing exposure, and especially the implementation of the principles of justification and optimization of protection, and introduction of reference levels for establishing control over these situations have been discussed in the paper. Reccomendations given by the IAEA standards and EU regulations, which are based on the findings of the International Committee on Radiation Protection were considered as well as certain provisions of the regulations of the Republic of Serbia. The need and importance of adopting a long-term strategy for managing existing exposure situations, with appropriate action plans for implementation, was highlighted.XXXII Simpozijum Društva za zaštitu od zračenja Srbije i Crne Gore, 4-6. oktobar 2023; Budva, Crna GoraProceedings: [https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/11602

Nove međunarodne preporuke i zahtevi u vezi izlaganja u nemedicinske svrhe

BSS Directive 2013/59 entered into force on the 6 February 2014 requiring the Member States to adopt legislation (laws, regulations and administrative provisions) in order to harmonise their national legislation with requirements of this Directive until 6 February 2018. This Directive explicitly defines „non-medical imaging exposure” as deliberate exposure of individuals for other than medical purposes. Those planned exposure situations, if justified need to be subject to the appropriate regulatory framework for optimization of protection, exemption, notification, authorisation, inspection and law enforcement in order to insure safety in operation. The most challenging part is a justification process of „non-medical imaging exposure“ taking into account that regulatory radiation protection authorities have limited responsibility in decision making process. BSS Directive recommends regular periodical review of justified practices involving deliberate exposure of humans for non-medical imaging purposes taking into account new technologies available, magnitude of radiological exposure during screening and other screening objectives. Dose constrains for different categories of exposures (public exposure, occupational exposure) depending on particular application, should be established and used in the optimisation of protection. In addition, appropriate regulatory control should be established and enforced as well as the stakeholder dialoge and the provision of information responsive to stakeholders concerns.BSS direktiva 2013/59 stupila je na snagu 6. februara 2014. godine. To znači da su države članice u obavezi da usvoje legislativu (zakone, uredbe i upravne odredbe) kako bi uskladile svoje nacionalno zakonodavstvo sa zahtevima ove Direktive do 6. februara 2018. godine. Ova Direktiva jasno definiše „nemediciska izlaganja“ kao namerna izlaganja pojedinaca u svrhe koje nisu medicinske. Ukoliko su ove situacije planiranog izlaganja opravdane potrebno je da budu deo regulatornog okvira tj. da se na njih primenjuju zahtevi za: optimizaciju zaštite, izuzimanje, prijavljivanje, odobrenje delatnosti kao i inspekciju i sprovođenje propisa a u cilju obezbeđivanja sigurnosti tokom rada. Najzahtevniji deo je proces opravdavanja nemediciskih izlaganja imajući u vidu da regulatorna tela za zaštitu od zračenja imaju ograničenu odgovornost u procesu donošenja odluke o opravdanosti delatnosti. Preporuka BSS direktive je da se periodično vrši revizija opravdanih delatnosti koje uključuju namerna izlaganja ljudi u nemedicinske svrhe uzimajući u obzir nove dostupne tehnologije, stepen izlaganja zračenju tokom skrininga i druge ciljeve skrininga. U procesu optimizacije zaštite potrebno je uspostaviti i primenjivati ograničenja doza za različite kategorije izlaganja (izlaganje stanovništva, profesionalno izlaganje) u zavisnosti od pojedinačne primene. Takođe, potrebno je uspostaviti i primenjivati odgovarajuću regulatornu kontrolu kao i sprovoditi dijalog i obezbediti odgovarajuće informacije u vezi sa pitanjima svih zainteresovanih strana.Зборник радова : XXIX симпозијум ДЗЗСЦГ : Сребрно језеро, 27-29. септембар 2017. годин

Nove međunarodne preporuke i zahtevi u vezi izlaganja u nemedicinske svrhe

BSS Directive 2013/59 entered into force on the 6 February 2014 requiring the Member States to adopt legislation (laws, regulations and administrative provisions) in order to harmonise their national legislation with requirements of this Directive until 6 February 2018. This Directive explicitly defines „non-medical imaging exposure” as deliberate exposure of individuals for other than medical purposes. Those planned exposure situations, if justified need to be subject to the appropriate regulatory framework for optimization of protection, exemption, notification, authorisation, inspection and law enforcement in order to insure safety in operation. The most challenging part is a justification process of „non-medical imaging exposure“ taking into account that regulatory radiation protection authorities have limited responsibility in decision making process. BSS Directive recommends regular periodical review of justified practices involving deliberate exposure of humans for non-medical imaging purposes taking into account new technologies available, magnitude of radiological exposure during screening and other screening objectives. Dose constrains for different categories of exposures (public exposure, occupational exposure) depending on particular application, should be established and used in the optimisation of protection. In addition, appropriate regulatory control should be established and enforced as well as the stakeholder dialoge and the provision of information responsive to stakeholders concerns.BSS direktiva 2013/59 stupila je na snagu 6. februara 2014. godine. To znači da su države članice u obavezi da usvoje legislativu (zakone, uredbe i upravne odredbe) kako bi uskladile svoje nacionalno zakonodavstvo sa zahtevima ove Direktive do 6. februara 2018. godine. Ova Direktiva jasno definiše „nemediciska izlaganja“ kao namerna izlaganja pojedinaca u svrhe koje nisu medicinske. Ukoliko su ove situacije planiranog izlaganja opravdane potrebno je da budu deo regulatornog okvira tj. da se na njih primenjuju zahtevi za: optimizaciju zaštite, izuzimanje, prijavljivanje, odobrenje delatnosti kao i inspekciju i sprovođenje propisa a u cilju obezbeđivanja sigurnosti tokom rada. Najzahtevniji deo je proces opravdavanja nemediciskih izlaganja imajući u vidu da regulatorna tela za zaštitu od zračenja imaju ograničenu odgovornost u procesu donošenja odluke o opravdanosti delatnosti. Preporuka BSS direktive je da se periodično vrši revizija opravdanih delatnosti koje uključuju namerna izlaganja ljudi u nemedicinske svrhe uzimajući u obzir nove dostupne tehnologije, stepen izlaganja zračenju tokom skrininga i druge ciljeve skrininga. U procesu optimizacije zaštite potrebno je uspostaviti i primenjivati ograničenja doza za različite kategorije izlaganja (izlaganje stanovništva, profesionalno izlaganje) u zavisnosti od pojedinačne primene. Takođe, potrebno je uspostaviti i primenjivati odgovarajuću regulatornu kontrolu kao i sprovoditi dijalog i obezbediti odgovarajuće informacije u vezi sa pitanjima svih zainteresovanih strana.Зборник радова : XXIX симпозијум ДЗЗСЦГ : Сребрно језеро, 27-29. септембар 2017. годин

Towards national diagnostic reference levels for mammography in Serbia

The objective of this work is to investigate the possibility to set a national diagnostic reference levels (nDRLs) for diagnostic and screening mammography in Serbia based on local practice and available resources. This study included all types of mammography systems that are currently used in Serbia, namely screen-film mammography (SFM), computed radiography (CR) and full-field digital mammography (FFDM). The nDRLs are provided in terms of mean glandular dose (MGD) for different breast thicknesses simulated by polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom. For each breast thickness, MGD was calculated for the X-ray tube output, using clinically used exposure parameters. DRLs were chosen as the 75th percentile of MGD distribution for 20-, 40-, 45-, 60- and 70-mm phantom thicknesses. For SFM units proposed nDRL values are 0.7, 2.1, 2.7, 4.6 and 6.8 mGy; for CR units proposed nDRL values are 0.7, 1.8, 2.4, 4.5 and 5.6 mGy; and corresponding values for FFDM units are 0.8, 1.7, 2, 2. and 3.2 mGy for 20-, 40-, 45-, 60- and 70-mm PMMA thickness, respectively

Nuclear Security: Regulations, Reccomendations and Forms of Cooperation

U radu je dat prikaz nacionalne regulative, međunarodnih preporuka i obavezujućih dokumenta u oblasti radijacione i nuklearne bezbednosti. Navedene su odabrane publikacije MAAE sa standardima i preporukama na kojima se zasniva i evropska regulativa u ovoj oblasti, kao vodič pri razvoju ili reviziji nacionalne regulative. Poseban akcenat je stavljen na mogućnosti saradnje pri izgradnji i unapređivanju nacionalnog režima nuklearne bezbednosti ili pojedinih njegovih komponenti. Istaknuta je uloga savetodavnih misija kao što je IPPAS, koje nakon odgovarajućih procena i preporuka, na zahtev mogu predložiti i dugoročni program tehničke pomoći, kao i INSSP koji omogućava omogućava jačanje i održivost sistema nuklearne bezbednosti kroz dugoročnu planiranu saradnju.National regulations, international recommendations and obligations in radiation and nuclear security are presented in the paper. Selected IAEA publications are listed with given standards and recommendations on which the European regulations in nuclear security are based, as a guidance for development or revision of national regulations. Special accent was put on the possibilities of technical cooperation in establishing and enhancement of the national nuclear security regime or its components. The role of the IAEA IPPAS advisory mission was emphasized as the follow-up of the assessment and recommendations, based on the state’s request, may be a long-term technical cooperation program as well as the INSSP role, enabling strengthening and sustainability of the nuclear security system in the frame of the long-term partnerships and cooperation.XXXI Симпозијум Друштва за заштиту од зрачења Србије и Црне Горе, 06-08. октобар 2021.Proceedings: [https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/9668

Mammography in Serbia: Image Quality and Radiation Dose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the radiation dose and technical image quality in mammography in Serbia after two years of implementation of the breast screening programme. A total of 186 mammography units, including Full-Field Digital Mammography (FFDM), Computed Radiography (CR) and Screen-Film Mammography (SFM) units were used in the patient dose and image quality assessment. Patient dose, in terms of Mean Glandular Dose (MGD), was assessed for the standard breast, while image quality was evaluated in terms of spatial resolution, threshold contrast visibility and Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) for CR and FFDM units. The mean MGD assessed was (1.8 +/- 0.94) mGy, (1.3 +/- 0.51) and (1.7 +/- 0.64) for CR, FFDM and SFM, respectively. Spatial resolution was better than 12 lp/mm only for 3/186 (1.6%) units. In 34/186 (1896) units, spatial resolution was less than 5 lp/mm. Threshold contrast visibility was better than 1.2 in 41/186 (22%). Mean CNR for CR and FFDM units was 5.2 2.2. Following the initial implementation at the beginning of the population-based breast cancer screening campaign, it is essential to establish an effective system of regular and periodic Quality Control (QC) tests and to ensure that high-quality mammograms with minimal possible radiation dose to population are included in the screening.4th International Conference on Radiation and Applications in Various Fields of Research (RAD), Proceedings, May 23-27, 2016, Nis, Serbi

The Evolutionary History of Nebraska Deer Mice: Local Adaptation in the Face of Strong Gene Flow

Abstract The interplay of gene flow, genetic drift, and local selective pressure is a dynamic process that has been well studied from a theoretical perspective over the last century. Wright and Haldane laid the foundation for expectations under an island-continent model, demonstrating that an island-specific beneficial allele may be maintained locally if the selection coefficient is larger than the rate of migration of the ancestral allele from the continent. Subsequent extensions of this model have provided considerably more insight. Yet, connecting theoretical results with empirical data has proven challenging, owing to a lack of information on the relationship between genotype, phenotype, and fitness. Here, we examine the demographic and selective history of deer mice in and around the Nebraska Sand Hills, a system in which variation at the Agouti locus affects cryptic coloration that in turn affects the survival of mice in their local habitat. We first genotyped 250 individuals from 11 sites along a transect spanning the Sand Hills at 660,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms across the genome. Using these genomic data, we found that deer mice first colonized the Sand Hills following the last glacial period. Subsequent high rates of gene flow have served to homogenize the majority of the genome between populations on and off the Sand Hills, with the exception of the Agouti pigmentation locus. Furthermore, mutations at this locus are strongly associated with the pigment traits that are strongly correlated with local soil coloration and thus responsible for cryptic coloration