Especies de flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) recolectados en reservas naturales de las regiones del Darién y del Pacífico en Colombia

Introduction: The departments of Chocó and Antioquia in Colombia show climatic and vegetation conditions favoring the establishment of vector species of the genus Lutzomyia and the transmission of Leishmania spp. to human populations entering conserved forest environments.Objective: To report the species of Phlebotomine sandflies present in three natural reserves in the Darien and Pacific regions of Colombia.Materials and methods: Sand flies were collected specifically in the natural reserves El Aguacate (Acandí, Chocó), Nabugá (Bahía Solano, Chocó) and Tulenapa (Carepa, Antioquia). Sand flies were collected with CDC light traps, active search in resting places and Shannon traps. The taxonomic determination of species was based on taxonomic keys. For some species of taxonomic interest, we evaluated the partial sequences of the 5’ region of COI gene.Results: A total of 611 adult sand flies were collected: 531 in Acandí, 45 in Carepa and 35 in Bahía Solano. Seventeen species of the genus Lutzomyia, three of the genus Brumptomyia and one of the genus Warileya were identified. The genetic distances (K2P) and grouping supported (>99%) in the neighbor joining dendrogram were consistent for most established molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU) of the Aragaoi group and clearly confirmed the identity of Lu. coutinhoi.Conclusion: Species that have importance in the transmission of leishmaniasis in Acandí, Bahía Solano and Carepa were identified. The presence of Lu. coutinhoi was confirmed and consolidated in Colombia.Introducción. Los departamentos de Chocó y Antioquia en Colombia presentan condiciones climáticas y de vegetación que favorecen el establecimiento de especies de vectores del género Lutzomyia y la transmisión de Leishmania spp. a poblaciones humanas que ingresan a ambientes selváticos conservados.Objetivo. Reportar las especies de flebotomíneos presentes en tres reservas naturales de las regiones del Darién y del Pacífico en Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Los flebotomíneos se recolectaron en las reservas naturales El Aguacate (Acandí, Chocó), Nabugá (Bahía Solano, Chocó) y Tulenapa (Carepa, Antioquia). La recolección se hizo con trampas de luz CDC, mediante búsqueda activa en sitios de reposo y con trampas Shannon. La determinación taxonómica de especies se basó en las claves taxonómicas. En algunas especies de interés taxonómico, se evaluó el uso de secuencias parciales de la región 5’ del gen COI. Resultados. Se recolectaron 611 flebotomíneos adultos: 531 en Acandí, 45 en Carepa y 35 en Bahía Solano. Se identificaron 17 especies del género Lutzomyia, tres del género Brumptomyia y una del género Warileya. Las distancias genéticas (K2P) y los soportes de agrupación (>99 %) en el dendrograma de neighbor joining correspondieron a la mayoría de unidades taxonómicas operacionales moleculares (Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units, MOTU) establecidas para el grupo Aragaoi y confirmaron claramente la identidad de Lu. coutinhoi.Conclusión. Se identificaron especies que tienen importancia en la transmisión de la leishmaniasis en Acandí, Bahía Solano y Carepa. Se confirmó la presencia de Lu. coutinhoi en Colombia

DNA barcoding for the identification of sand fly species (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) in Colombia.

Sand flies include a group of insects that are of medical importance and that vary in geographic distribution, ecology, and pathogen transmission. Approximately 163 species of sand flies have been reported in Colombia. Surveillance of the presence of sand fly species and the actualization of species distribution are important for predicting risks for and monitoring the expansion of diseases which sand flies can transmit. Currently, the identification of phlebotomine sand flies is based on morphological characters. However, morphological identification requires considerable skills and taxonomic expertise. In addition, significant morphological similarity between some species, especially among females, may cause difficulties during the identification process. DNA-based approaches have become increasingly useful and promising tools for estimating sand fly diversity and for ensuring the rapid and accurate identification of species. A partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase gene subunit I (COI) is currently being used to differentiate species in different animal taxa, including insects, and it is referred as a barcoding sequence. The present study explored the utility of the DNA barcode approach for the identification of phlebotomine sand flies in Colombia. We sequenced 700 bp of the COI gene from 36 species collected from different geographic localities. The COI barcode sequence divergence within a single species was <2% in most cases, whereas this divergence ranged from 9% to 26.6% among different species. These results indicated that the barcoding gene correctly discriminated among the previously morphologically identified species with an efficacy of nearly 100%. Analyses of the generated sequences indicated that the observed species groupings were consistent with the morphological identifications. In conclusion, the barcoding gene was useful for species discrimination in sand flies from Colombia

Species of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) collected from natural reserves in the Pacific and Darien regions of Colombia

Introduction: The departments of Chocó and Antioquia in Colombia show climatic and vegetation conditions favoring the establishment of vector species of the genus Lutzomyia and the transmission of Leishmania spp. to human populations entering conserved forest environments. Objective: To report the species of Phlebotomine sandflies present in three natural reserves in the Darien and Pacific regions of Colombia. Materials and methods: Sand flies were collected specifically in the natural reserves El Aguacate (Acandí, Chocó), Nabugá (Bahía Solano, Chocó) and Tulenapa (Carepa, Antioquia). Sand flies were collected with CDC light traps, active search in resting places and Shannon traps. The taxonomic determination of species was based on taxonomic keys. For some species of taxonomic interest, we evaluated the partial sequences of the 5’ region of COI gene. Results: A total of 611 adult sand flies were collected: 531 in Acandí, 45 in Carepa and 35 in Bahía Solano. Seventeen species of the genus Lutzomyia, three of the genus Brumptomyia and one of the genus Warileya were identified. The genetic distances (K2P) and grouping supported (>99%) in the neighbor joining dendrogram were consistent for most established molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU) of the Aragaoi group and clearly confirmed the identity of Lu. coutinhoi. Conclusion: Species that have importance in the transmission of leishmaniasis in Acandí, Bahía Solano and Carepa were identified. The presence of Lu. coutinhoi was confirmed and consolidated in Colombia

FLEBOTOMÍNEOS (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) EN LA RESERVA NATURAL DEL CAÑÓN DEL RÍO CLARO (ANTIOQUIA), COLOMBIA PHLEBOTOMINAE SAND FLIES (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) IN THE NATURE RESERVE AREA OF RÍO CLARO (ANTIOQUIA), COLOMBIA

Por la endemicidad de la leishmaniasis en el departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), es importante conocer la distribución actualizada de las diferentes especies de flebotomíneos, aspecto de interés para establecer su papel en la epidemiología de la enfermedad. En este trabajo se actualiza la composición de flebotomíneos de los géneros Lutzomyia y Brumptomyia en la reserva Natural del Cañón del Río Claro (Antioquia), con base en muestreos entomológicos realizados en los meses de mayo, junio y agosto de 2008. Los insectos fueron recolectados empleando trampas de luz tipo CDC y Shannon. También se realizó una búsqueda activa con aspiradores bucales en huecos y raíces tabulares de árboles. Se registra, por primera vez en la zona, la presencia de las especies Lutzomyia ayrozai, L. camposi, L. carrerai thula, L. dasymera, L. isovespertilionis, L. micropyga, L. olmeca bicolor, L. cayennensis cayennensis, L. pilosa y L. shannoni. Así mismo, se informa el primer hallazgo de las especies Brumptomyia hamata y B. mesai en este departamento y se resalta la presencia de L. gomezi, L. hartmanni, L. panamensis, L. trapidoi y L. yuilli, vectores potenciales de leishmaniasis cutánea en Colombia. Se destaca la permanencia de L. longipalpis (Lutz y Neiva), vector de Leishmania infantum, agente causal de leishmaniasis visceral, luego de su registro inicial en la zona más de diez años atrás.<br>Considering the endemicity of leishmaniasis in the Antioquia region, Colombia, it is important to have an updated distribution of different phlebotomine sand fly species, as their distribution is a relevant factor for establishing the role of such species in the disease epidemiology. This study evaluated the current composition of phlebotomine sand flies of the genera Lutzomyia and Brumptomyia in the natural reserve of the Río Claro Canyon (Antioquia), following entomological surveys in May, June, and August of 2008. Insects were collected using light traps such as CDC and Shannon, and through active searches using mouth aspirators as collecting devices on substrates such as tree holes and buttresses. We provide the first record of Lutzomyia ayrozai, L. camposi, L. carrerai thula, L. dasymera, L. isovespertilionis, L. micropyga, L. olmeca bicolor, L. cayennensis cayennensis, L. pilosa, and L. shannoni in the reserve of Río Claro. We also report the first finding of Brumptomyia hamata and B. mesai in the Antioquia region, highlighting the occurrence of L. gomezi, L. hartmanni, L. panamensis, L. trapidoi, and L. yuilli because these species are known as potential vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. Documenting the presence of L. longipalpis (Lutz and Neiva) ten years after its previous record in the area is noteworthy, given that this species is the vector of Leishmania infantum, the aetiological agent of visceral leishmaniasi

PRESENCIA DE Wolbachia y Leishmania EN UNA POBLACION DE Lutzomyia evansi PRESENTE EN LA COSTA CARIBE DE COLOMBIA

Lutzomyia evansi es importante en salud pública por su participación en la trasmisión de la leishmaniasis visceral y cutánea en la costa caribe de Colombia. Diversos estudios se han desarrollado sobre la poblaciones naturales de Lutzomyia evansi, sin embargo pocos estudios han explorado en profundidad la detección de microorganismos simbióticos (ej. Wolbachia) y de manera simultánea la presencia de Leishmania sp.. El endosimbionte Wolbachia ha sido propuesto en la actualidad como control biológico de insectos vectores de diversas enfermedades tropicales. En el presente estudio el ADN de tres especies del género Lutzomyia colectadas en el municipio de Ovejas (Departamento de Sucre) fue evaluado para detectar la infección natural por la bacteria Wolbachia y la presencia de parásitos del género Leishmania. El ADN total de 176 individuos adultos y 34 inmaduros (larvas y pupas) de Lu. evansi, fue utilizado para evaluar la detección de Wolbachia mediante amplificación por PCR del gen WSP (Proteína Mayor de la Superficie de Wolbachia) y la infección por Leishmania mediante amplificación por PCR de segmentos de los genes HPSN70 (Proteína de Choque Térmico). Se encontró un grupo de machos infectado de forma natural por Wolbachia y nueve grupos de hembras con infección natural por Leishmania, todos pertenecientes a Lutzomyia evansi. El análisis filogenético de la secuencia del gen WSP de Wolbachia indica la ubicación de la cepa detectada dentro del supergrupo B (haplogrupo wLeva) y su relación con haplotipos previamente reportados de Lutzomyia evansi y Lutzomya dubitans. Una región de 418 pb del gen HSP-70N fue secuenciada y mostró similaridad con secuencias de Leishmania luego de realizar el análisis en BlastN. Se confirma la presencia de Wolbachia en poblaciones silvestres de machos de L. evansi y la infección natural por Leishmania spp. en hembras de la misma especie cuya infección por Wolbachia resulto negativa

K2P pairwise distances among Colombian sand fly species.

<p>K2P pairwise distances among Colombian sand fly species.</p

Genetic divergences (K2P distances) between COI sequences for varied taxonomic levels of Colombian sand fly species.

<p>The frequency of pairwise divergences among specimens both within species and among different species.</p

Map of the study area showing the sampling sites of sand flies collected in the present study.

<p>Site 1: Jardín; Site 2: Jerico; Site 3: San Francisco; Site 4; San Roque; Site 5: Santa Fé de Antioquia; Site 6: Chinchina; Site 7: Salamina; Site 8: Samaná; Site 9: Victoria, Site 10: Acandí; Site 11: Bahía Solano, Playa Potes; Site 12: San Andrés de Sotavento; Site 13: Ricaute; Site 14: Quimbaya; Site 15: Gramalote; Site 16: Colosó, Serranía de Coraza Forestry Reserve; Site 17: Chaparral; Site 18: Alcalá; and Site 19: Caño Ariba.</p

List of sand fly species and the numbers of individuals with mitochondrial haplotypes.

<p>List of sand fly species and the numbers of individuals with mitochondrial haplotypes.</p

Neighbor-joining analysis of mitochondrial COI sequences of Colombian sand fly species.

<p>Neighbor-joining analysis of mitochondrial COI sequences of Colombian sand fly species.</p