New Tourist Tax as a Tool for Municipalities in the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is one of many states where the new legal regulation of tourist taxes was introduced to limit the shortcomings of the original regulation. The aim of this paper is to define the opportunities and threats of the new regulation in the Czech Republic in the area of tourist taxes. To achieve the purpose of this article, the tourist tax is defined and Czech legal regulation valid until the end of 2019 and since 2020 in the given area is analysed. The hypothesis that the new regulation is perfect and ideal for the tax administration and for the municipalities was confirmed only partially. While most of the critical issues were solved and the new tourist charge is a good step for both municipalities and the tax administration, the charge rate of 21 CZK in 2020, resp. 50 CZK in the following years is not adequate. With the new regulation, municipalities got new opportunities, primarily to increase their revenues. The single tourist charge makes the system easier for all stakeholders: for municipalities, for tourists, and for quartermasters. Issues arise especially concerning the simplified evidence and the non-chargeable long-term stays. Municipalities should be particularly careful when defining the exemptions and differentiating the charge rate for specific dates in the year, or specific parts of the municipality. The unequal treatment might be seen as discrimination or even unfair public incentive.Česká republika je jedním z mnoha států, kde byla zavedena nová právní úprava daní z cestovního ruchu s cílem omezit nedostatky původní úpravy. Cílem tohoto příspěvku je definovat příležitosti a hrozby nové regulace v České republice v oblasti turistických daní. Pro dosažení účelu tohoto článku je definována turistická daň a analyzována česká právní úprava platná do konce roku 2019 a od roku 2020 v dané oblasti. Hypotéza, že nová regulace je dokonalá a ideální pro správu daní a pro obce, se potvrdila jen částečně. Zatímco většina kritických otázek byla vyřešena a nový turistický poplatek je dobrým krokem jak pro obce, tak pro daňovou správu, sazba poplatku 21 Kč v roce 2020, resp. 50 Kč v následujících letech nestačí. Díky novému nařízení dostaly obce nové příležitosti, především ke zvýšení příjmů. Jednotný turistický poplatek usnadňuje systém pro všechny zúčastněné strany: pro obce, pro turisty a pro ubytovatele. Problémy vyvstávají zejména ve vztahu ke zjednodušené evidenci a k neupoplatněným dlouhodobým pobytům. Obce by měly být obzvláště opatrné při definování osvobození a rozlišování sazby poplatku pro konkrétní části roku nebo konkrétní části obce. Nerovné zacházení lze považovat za diskriminaci nebo dokonce za neoprávněnou veřejnou podporu.The Czech Republic is one of many states where the new legal regulation of tourist taxes was introduced to limit the shortcomings of the original regulation. The aim of this paper is to define the opportunities and threats of the new regulation in the Czech Republic in the area of tourist taxes. To achieve the purpose of this article, the tourist tax is defined and Czech legal regulation valid until the end of 2019 and since 2020 in the given area is analysed. The hypothesis that the new regulation is perfect and ideal for the tax administration and for the municipalities was confirmed only partially. While most of the critical issues were solved and the new tourist charge is a good step for both municipalities and the tax administration, the charge rate of 21 CZK in 2020, resp. 50 CZK in the following years is not adequate. With the new regulation, municipalities got new opportunities, primarily to increase their revenues. The single tourist charge makes the system easier for all stakeholders: for municipalities, for tourists, and for quartermasters. Issues arise especially concerning the simplified evidence and the non-chargeable long-term stays. Municipalities should be particularly careful when defining the exemptions and differentiating the charge rate for specific dates in the year, or specific parts of the municipality. The unequal treatment might be seen as discrimination or even unfair public incentive

System of Tax Law

This contribution deals with the system of tax law. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that there is a system of tax law. This can be really tough as in Central and Eastern European countries just a few legal schools accepts tax law as an independent branch of law. If the hypothesis is confirmed, the task is to describe and characterise the system of tax law using the knowledge from the legal theory and other branches of law in the Czech Republic and experience of tax law experts from the other countries in the Central and Eastern European region. Author will use the scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison. "This is a targeted publication on the one topic (Financial Law). It has been requested for inclusion in WOS."Příspěvek se zabývá systémem daňového práva. Jeho hlavním cílem je potvrzení nebo vyvrácení hypotézy, že systém daňového práva existuje. To může být v podmínkách zemí střední a východní Evropy skutečně obtížné, neboť jen velmi málo právních škol akceptuje daňové právo jako samostatné odvětví práva. Pokud je základní hypotéza potvrzena, je nezbytné popsat a charakterizovat systém daňového práva za využití poznatků právní teorie a dalších právních odvětví v ČR a zkušeností expertů na daňové právo z jiných zemí střední a východní Evropy. Autor užívá zejména metod analýzy, syntézy a komparace. "Jedná se o zacílenou publikaci na jedno téma (finacial law). Bylo požádáno na zařazení do WOS."This contribution deals with the system of tax law. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that there is a system of tax law. This can be really tough as in Central and Eastern European countries just a few legal schools accepts tax law as an independent branch of law. If the hypothesis is confirmed, the task is to describe and characterise the system of tax law using the knowledge from the legal theory and other branches of law in the Czech Republic and experience of tax law experts from the other countries in the Central and Eastern European region. Author will use the scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison

Major Problematic Issues in the Property Taxation in the Czech Republic

This article aims to open the debate on the recurrent property tax in the Czech Republic, to define most important problems of the existing legal regulation and to set the list of possible solutions de lege ferenda. The hypothesis that the immovable property tax is a good tax and a traditional part of the Czech tax system, was confirmed. The most problematic issue is the low tax revenue. However, ad valorem system does not seem to be the solution and the unit system (area) tax base should be retained. There should be one maximum tax rate in the legislation for every type of property, and municipalities should have the right to introduce their own specific tax rates below that level. At the same time, there should be another rate (standard rate) in the legislation for those municipalities that do not set their own specific tax rates.Článek si klade za cíl otevřít debatu nad pravidelnou majetkovou daní v ČR, definovat zásadní problémy stávající právní regulace a shrnout možnosti regulace de lege ferenda. Hypotéza, že daň z nemovitých věcí je dobrou daní a tradiční součástí českého daňového systému, byla potvrzena. Nejkritičtější je nízký výnos daně. Avšak zdanění ad valorem není řešením a jednotkový systém by měl být zachován. Zákonem by měla být stanovena maximální sazba daně pro každý typ nemovitosti a obce by měly mít možnost stanovit vlastní specifické sazby daně pod tímto maximem. Zároveň by měla existovat základní sazba daně přímo v zákoně pro ty obce, které si nestanoví sazby vlastní.This article aims to open the debate on the recurrent property tax in the Czech Republic, to define most important problems of the existing legal regulation and to set the list of possible solutions de lege ferenda. The hypothesis that the immovable property tax is a good tax and a traditional part of the Czech tax system, was confirmed. The most problematic issue is the low tax revenue. However, ad valorem system does not seem to be the solution and the unit system (area) tax base should be retained. There should be one maximum tax rate in the legislation for every type of property, and municipalities should have the right to introduce their own specific tax rates below that level. At the same time, there should be another rate (standard rate) in the legislation for those municipalities that do not set their own specific tax rates

Psychosocial Aspects of a Flight to Mars

The first experiments modeling peoples’ behavior during a long-term cosmic flight revealed the need for a more systematic monitoring of the development of the crew’s mutual relationships, particularly in terms of collaboration and work-related communication. For this reason, in order to examine team dynamics, the sociomapping method was developed, which was first used in the HUBES 94 and ECOPSY 95 experiments. This method allows for an analysis and visualization of the continuous changes in communication and collaboration, including decreases in their quality and quantity. Sociomapping was used to monitor and analyze the communication and collaboration in simulations of flights to Mars in the Mars-105 and Mars-500 experiments. Based on the aforementioned experiments, it can be noted that statistically significant and nonrandom declines of the quantity and quality of team communication may occur during long-term missions, which may be related to changes in the team’s performance. These changes are influenced by exterior stress factors, as well as cultural and linguistic differences and the length of the flight itself. In this chapter, the main findings of the experiment, as well as the resulting recommendations for a successful management of the psychological aspects of a flight to Mars, will be summarized

Opodatkowanie influencerów korzystających z Instagrama

This scientific article discusses issues related to the taxation of Instagram influencers. Its main objective is to define how the influencers’ incomes should be taxed. To achieve this primary purpose, the partial objective is defined to give the list of (legal) cooperation contracts between the marketers and influencers. The hypothesis that there is no need to adopt new specific tax law norms to tax influencers’ incomes properly, at least in developed countries, was confirmed. All jurisdictions are taxing influencers’ incomes. It is always necessary to focus on the content of the relationship generating influencer’s income, as the principle of priority of content over form must be used. The tax liability is influenced only by the tax base. The tax rate and other structural components of the tax remain the same for different types of incomes. Generally, it is always better for the influencer to have a trading license (to be a businessman) than tax his/her incomes as incomes from copyright. Incomes from dependent activities based on labour law contract or occasional incomes are not probable for a typical influencer, and still, the taxation in this way is not really favourable. The novelty of the presented research lies in the fact that no scientific articles deal with the covered issues published so far. The author believes that the article has a cognitive value for both science and practice.W niniejszym artykule omówiono kwestie związane z opodatkowaniem influencerów korzystających z serwisu społecznościowego Instagram. Głównym celem było ustalenie sposobu, w jaki należy opodatkować dochody influencerów. Celem pośrednim dla osiągnięcia tego podstawowego celu było sporządzenie listy umów o współpracy pomiędzy specjalistami od marketingu a influencerami. Potwierdzono hipotezę o braku potrzeby uchwalania nowych norm prawa podatkowego dla prawidłowego opodatkowania dochodów influencerów, przynajmniej w krajach rozwiniętych. Wszystkie systemy prawne opodatkowują dochody influencerów. Trzeba zawsze koncentrować się na treści stosunku generującego dochód influencera, gdyż należy stosować zasadę pierwszeństwa treści nad formą. Należność podatkowa wynika jedynie z podstawy opodatkowania. Stawka podatku i inne elementy składowe podatku są takie same dla różnych rodzajów dochodu. Co do zasady rejestracja działalności gospodarczej jest dla influencera zawsze lepszym rozwiązaniem niż opodatkowanie dochodów z praw autorskich. Dochody z niezależnej działalności w oparciu o umowę o pracę lub dochody okazjonalne są dość rzadkie dla typowego influencera, a opodatkowanie w ten sposób nie jest w istocie korzystne. Nowatorski charakter przedstawionych badań polega na tym, że dotychczas w żadnych opublikowanych artykułach naukowych nie poruszono przedmiotowej tematyki. W opinii autora artykuł ma wartość poznawczą, zarówno naukową, jak i praktyczną

Municipalities and Gambling Taxation in the Czech Republic

Hazard is often is considered to be socially undesirable phenomena. Municipalities are the most important regulators of this business. Generally, municipalities have two possibilities how to reduce the negative effects of the gambling business run at their territories: they can prohibit the gambling at all or they can heavily tax the gambling business to minimize all the negative impacts of the hazard. The main goal of this article is to confirm or refute the hypothesis that the new regulation protects the interests of Czech municipalities in the area of hazard. It is obvious that gambling tax is an effective tool (not only) for local self-government and it is a new local tax in the Czech Republic as it fulfills all the conditions I have defined for a local tax.Hazard je často považován za společensky nepřijatelný fenomén. Obce jsou nejvýznamnějším regulátorem tohoto podnikání. Obecně mají obce dvě možnosti eliminovat negativní dopady podnikání v oblasti hazardu na svém území: mohou zcela zakázat hazard, nebo mohou výrazně zdanit hazardní byznys, aby minimalizovalli veškeré negativní dopady. Hlavním cílem článku je potvrdit nebo vyvrátit hypotézu, že nová právní úprava chrání zájmy českých obcí v oblasti hazardu. Je evidentní, že daň z hazardu je efektivní nástroj (nejen) pro místní samosprávu a jedná se o novu místní daň v ČR, neboť naplňuje veškeré definiční znaky místní daně.Hazard is often is considered to be socially undesirable phenomena. Municipalities are the most important regulators of this business. Generally, municipalities have two possibilities how to reduce the negative effects of the gambling business run at their territories: they can prohibit the gambling at all or they can heavily tax the gambling business to minimize all the negative impacts of the hazard. The main goal of this article is to confirm or refute the hypothesis that the new regulation protects the interests of Czech municipalities in the area of hazard. It is obvious that gambling tax is an effective tool (not only) for local self-government and it is a new local tax in the Czech Republic as it fulfills all the conditions I have defined for a local tax

Property Taxes Reforms in the Czech Republic

Celem artykułu jest wskazanie i analiza zmian regulacji prawnych dotyczących opodatkowania mienia, które odnoszą się do nowych możliwości samorządów miejskich w kwestii wywierania wpływu na opodatkowanie mienia, nowych wyjątków od opodatkowania dziedziczenia i opodatkowania darowizn dla członków rodzin oraz tendencji do zniesienia tych podatków w zupełności, redukcji opodatkowania nowych pojazdów silnikowych etc. Na podstawie tych zmian widać wyraźnie, że opodatkowywanie mienia powoli traci efekty i funkcje fi skalne nie tylko w Republice Czeskiej, a coraz większego znaczenia nabiera funkcja regulacyjna.The Masaryk University (The Czech Republic

Germany after 1945: a society confronts antisemitism, racism, and neo-nazism

GERMANY AFTER 1945: A SOCIETY CONFRONTS ANTISEMITISM, RACISM, AND NEO-NAZISM Germany after 1945: a society confronts antisemitism, racism, and neo-nazism / Radvan, Heike (Rights reserved) ( -

Electronic Revenue Registry in the Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic there is an on-going debate and for the last year also legislative work on a Revenue Registry Act. This article introduces the system of revenue registry which should be applied in the Czech Republic, critically analyses fundamental provisions of the draft bill and summarizes advantages and disadvantages of the regulation and its strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Article deals with a hypothesis that implementation of revenue registry will fulfil the goals of the proposed regulation i.e. new source of data for tax administration, restriction of grey economy, more efficient tax collection, especially of income tax and VAT and also elimination of market inequalities in the Czech economy.V České republice dlouhodobě probíhají diskuse a v posledním roce také legislativní práce na zákoně o elektronické evidenci tržeb. Tento článek představuje systém evidence příjmů, který by měl být aplikován v České republice, kriticky analyzuje základní ustanovení z návrhu zákona a shrnuje výhody a nevýhody takové regulace a její silné a slabé stránky, příležitosti a hrozby. Článek se zabývá hypotézou, že zavedení evidence tržeb splní cíle navrhované úpravy, tj. bude znamenat nový zdroj informací pro daňovou správu, omezení šedé ekonomiky, účinnější výběr daní, zejména daně z příjmů a DPH, a také odstraňování tržních nerovností v české ekonomice.In the Czech Republic there is an on-going debate and for the last year also legislative work on a Revenue Registry Act. This article introduces the system of revenue registry which should be applied in the Czech Republic, critically analyses fundamental provisions of the draft bill and summarizes advantages and disadvantages of the regulation and its strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Article deals with a hypothesis that implementation of revenue registry will fulfil the goals of the proposed regulation i.e. new source of data for tax administration, restriction of grey economy, more efficient tax collection, especially of income tax and VAT and also elimination of market inequalities in the Czech economy

Walka z uchylaniem się od opodatkowania w Republice Czeskiej po wdrożeniu ATAD

The topic of tax evasion is a much-debated issue in the scientific community. In the context of the process of globalisation and the development of international trade, it can be stated that this problem has taken on a global dimension. For this reason, different Member States take different measures to prevent or eliminate tax evasion. The European Union is also such a case in the field. One of these initiatives is the Council Directive (EU) 2016/1164 of 12 July 2016 laying down rules against tax avoidance practices that directly affect the functioning of the internal market. This Directive is intended to contribute to this ambitious goal. The paper discusses its implementation in the Czech Republic. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of post-ATAD fight against tax evasion in the Czech Republic, while verifying the hypotheses: a) the Czech Republic has adequately harmonised its national legal order under the relevant Directives; b) the fight against tax evasion is currently more effective in the Czech Republic.Temat uchylania się od opodatkowania jest szeroko omawiany w środowisku akademickim. Biorąc pod uwagę kontekst postępującej globalizacji oraz rozwój handlu międzynarodowego, można stwierdzić, że ten problem nabrał charakteru globalnego. W związku z tym różne państwa członkowskie UE podejmują rozmaite działania, by zapobiegać uchylaniu się od opodatkowania bądź całkowicie je wyeliminować. Jedną z inicjatyw podjętych przez Unię Europejską jest Dyrektywa Rady (UE) 2016/1164 z dnia 12 lipca 2016 r. ustanawiająca przepisy mające na celu przeciwdziałanie praktykom unikania opodatkowania, które mają bezpośredni wpływ na funkcjonowanie rynku wewnętrznego. W artykule omówiono kwestię wdrożenia tej dyrektywy w Republice Czeskiej. Dokonano oceny skuteczności walki z uchylaniem się od opodatkowania w Czechach po wdrożeniu ATAD, a jednocześnie zweryfikowano następujące hipotezy: 1) Czechy adekwatnie zharmonizowały swój porządek prawny zgodnie z literą odpowiednich dyrektyw, 2) walka z uchylaniem się od opodatkowania w Republice Czeskiej jest obecnie bardziej efektywna