Shear-induced dynamics of polymeric globules at adsorbing homogeneous and inhomogeneous surfaces

The dynamics and adsorption behavior of a single collapsed homopolymer on a surface in shear flow is investigated by means of Brownian hydrodynamics simulations. We study different homogeneous and inhomogeneous surface models and determine dynamic state diagrams as a function of the cohesive strength, the adhesive strength, and the shear rate. We find distinct dynamical adsorbed states that are classified into rolling and slipping states, globular and coil-like states, as well as isotropic and prolate states. We identify two different cyclic processes based on trajectories of the polymer stretching and the polymer separation from the surface. For adsorption on an inhomogeneous surface consisting of discrete binding sites, we observe stick-roll motion for highly corrugated surface potentials. Although the resulting high surface friction leads to low drift velocities and reduced hydrodynamic lift forces on such inhomogeneous surfaces, a shear-induced adsorption is not found in the presence of full hydrodynamic interactions. A hydrodynamically stagnant surface model is introduced for which shear-induced adsorption is observed in the absence of hydrodynamic interactions

Shear-enhanced adsorption of a homopolymeric globule mediated by surface catch bonds

The adsorption of a single collapsed homopolymer onto a planar smooth surface in shear flow is investigated by means of Brownian hydrodynamics simulation. While cohesive intra-polymer forces are modeled by Lennard-Jones potentials, surface-monomer interactions are described by stochastic bonds whose two-state kinetics is characterized by three parameters: bond formation rate, bond dissociation rate and an effective catch bond parameter that describes how the force acting on a surface-monomer bond influences the dissociation rate. We construct adsorption state diagrams as a function of shear rate and all three surface-monomer bond parameters. We find shear-induced adsorption in a small range of parameters for low dissociation and association rates and only when the surface-monomer bond is near the transition between slip and catch bond behavior. By mapping on a simple surface-monomer interaction model with conservative pair potentials we try to estimate the conservative potential parameters necessary to observe shear-induced surface adsorption phenomena

Internal tension in a collapsed polymer under shear flow and the connection to enzymatic cleavage of von Willebrand factor

By means of Brownian hydrodynamics simulations we show that the tension distribution along the contour of a single collapsed polymer in shear flow is inhomogeneous and above a threshold shear rate exhibits a double-peak structure when hydrodynamic interactions are taken into account. We argue that the tension maxima close to the termini of the polymer chain reflect the presence of polymeric protrusions. We establish the connection to shear- induced globule unfolding and determine the scaling behavior of the maximal tensile forces and the average protrusion length as a function of shear rate, globule size, and cohesive strength. A quasi-equilibrium theory is employed in order to describe the simulation results. Our results are used to explain experimental data for the shear-sensitive enzymatic degradation of von Willebrand factor

Cloud Chamber: A Performance with Real Time Two-Way Interaction between Subatomic Particles and Violinist

‘Cloud Chamber’ - a composition by Alexis Kirke, Antonino Chiaramonte, and Anna Troisi - is a live performance in which the invisible quantum world becomes visible as a violinist and subatomic particle tracks interact together. An electronic instrument was developed which can be “played” live by radioactive atomic particles. Electronic circuitry was developed enabling a violin to create a physical force field that directly affects the ions generated by cosmic radiation particles. This enabled the violinist and the ions to influence each other musically in real time. A glass cloud chamber was used onstage to make radioactivity visible in bright white tracks moving within, with the tracks projected onto a large screen

Physical activity intensity and surrogate markers for cardiovascular health in adolescents

We examined the impact of physical activity (PA) on surrogate markers of cardiovascular health in adolescents. 52 healthy students (28 females, mean age 14.5±0.7years) were investigated. Microvascular endothelial function was assessed by peripheral arterial tonometry to determine reactive hyperemic index (RHI). Vagal activity was measured using 24h analysis of heart rate variability [root mean square of successive normal-to-normal intervals (rMSSD)]. Exercise testing was performed to determine peak oxygen uptake ( $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2{\text{ peak}}}}$$ ) and maximum power output. PA was assessed by accelerometry. Linear regression models were performed and adjusted for age, sex, skinfolds, and pubertal status. The cohort was dichotomized into two equally sized activity groups (low vs. high) based on the daily time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA, 3,000-5,200 counts.min−1, model 1) and vigorous PA (VPA, >5,200 counts.min−1, model 2). MVPA was an independent predictor for rMSSD (β=0.448, P=0.010), and VPA was associated with maximum power output (β=0.248, P=0.016). In model 1, the high MVPA group exhibited a higher vagal tone (rMSSD 49.2±13.6 vs. 38.1±11.7ms, P=0.006) and a lower systolic blood pressure (107.3±9.9 vs. 112.9±8.1mmHg, P=0.046). In model 2, the high VPA group had higher maximum power output values (3.9±0.5 vs. 3.4±0.5 Wkg−1, P=0.012). In both models, no significant differences were observed for RHI and $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{ peak}}}}$$ . In conclusion, in healthy adolescents, PA was associated with beneficial intensity-dependent effects on vagal tone, systolic blood pressure, and exercise capacity, but not on microvascular endothelial functio

The Influence of Alloy Composition and Liquid Phase on Foaming of Al−Si−Mg Alloys

The foaming behaviour of aluminium alloys processed by the powder compaction technique depends crucially on the exact alloy composition. The AlSi8Mg4 alloy has been in use for a decade now, and it has been claimed that this composition lies in an “island of good foaming”. We investigated the reasons for this by systematically studying alloys around this composition by varying the Mg and Si content by a few percent. We applied in situ X-ray 2D and 3D imaging experiments combined with a quantitative nucleation number and expansion analysis, X-ray tomography of solid foams to assess the pore structure and pore size distribution, and in situ diffraction experiments to quantify the melt fraction at any moment. We found a correlation between melt fraction and expansion height and verified that the “island of good foaming” actually exists, and foams outside a preferred range for the liquid fraction—just above TS and between 40–60%—show a poorer expansion performance than the reference alloy AlSi8Mg4. A very slight increase of Si and decrease of Mg content might further improve this foam

Ratchet effect for nanoparticle transport in hair follicles

The motion of a single rigid nanoparticle inside a hair follicle is investigated by means of Brownian dynamics simulations. The cuticular hair structure is modeled as a periodic asymmetric ratchet-shaped surface. Induced by oscillating radial hair motion we find directed nanoparticle transport into the hair follicle with maximal velocity at a specific optimal frequency and an optimal particle size. We observe flow reversal when switching from radial to axial oscillatory hair motion. We also study the diffusion behavior and find strongly enhanced diffusion for axial motion with a diffusivity significantly larger than for free diffusion