171 research outputs found
Äimbenici (de)sekuritizacije opskrbe EU plinom
The EU energy policy has come closer to the security policy due to ever growing EU dependence on the external, non-market-oriented gas suppliers and due to experience of the gas supply disruption crises. The issue of gas supply security represents the basis of the security dimension, one of three EU energy policyās dimensions (besides economic and environmental ones). Putting emphasis on security dimension has provoked the securitization of the EU energy policy. In the aftermath of the first gas supply crisis in the EU, one of the member states took the role of a securitizing actor. It has tried to convince the relevant audience (other member states as well as the EU institutions) that the gas supply disruption presents an existential threat and has claimed commitment to extraordinary measures. Failed securitization due to divergent member statesā interests has revealed the security dimension as the weakest dimension of the EU energy policy. The EU wants to avoid the impression of the militarisation of this non-military sector and leaves the issue within the sphere of regular politics. It retains the discursive dimension of securitization (āenergy securityā has become a usual collocation), but simultaneously has decided to create common crises response capabilities. The aim of this paper is to show which market and non-market measures are taken to safeguard gas supply as well as the mechanism of gas supply crisis management, based on solidarity, subsidiarity and regionality. The working hypothesis is that the EU has not securitized the issue of gas supply but has moved it from the non-politicized to the politicized sphere as a part of public policy. The comprehensive EU mechanism of gas supply management, strict rules and a system of mutual control prevent the securitization of the issue, namely the emergency mode, going beyond standard political procedures.Sve veÄa ovisnost EU o vanjskim, netržiÅ”no orijentiranim opskrbljivaÄima plinom i iskustvo kriza zbog prekida opskrbe energetsku su politiku EU približili sigurnosnoj politici. Pitanje sigurne opskrbe plinom temelj je sigurnosne, kao jedne od tri (uz ekonomsku i ekoloÅ”ku) dimenzije energetske politike EU. Isticanje sigurnosne dimenzije potaknulo je sekuritizaciju energetske politike EU. Nakon prve krize vezane uz opskrbu plinom EU, jedna država Älanica preuzela je ulogu provoditelja sekuritizacije te pokuÅ”ala uvjeriti relevantnu javnost (ostale države Älanice i tijela EU) da je prekid opskrbe plinom egzistencijalna prijetnja, koja traži obvezivanje na izvanredne mjere. Sekuritizacija nije uspjela zbog razliÄitih interesa država Älanica, Å”to je potvrdilo da je sigurnosna dimenzija najslabija u energetskoj politici EU. EU nije željela vezivanjem energetske politike sa āsigurnoÅ”Äuā implicirati militarizaciju tog nevojnog sektora, pa je pitanje zadržala u procesu uobiÄajenog politiÄkog pregovaranja. DoduÅ”e, diskurzivna dimenzija procesa sekuritizacije je zadržana (uvriježila se sintagma āenergetska sigurnostā), ali je EU odluÄio unaprijed razviti zajedniÄke kapacitete za odgovor na krizu. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati tržiÅ”ne i netržiÅ”ne mjere za osiguranje opskrbe plinom te mehanizam kriznog upravljanja opskrbom plinom, temeljen na principima solidarnosti, supsidijarnosti kao i regionalnom pristupu. Osnovna je hipoteza da pitanje opskrbe EU plinom nije sekuritizirano, ali je iz nepolitizirane preÅ”lo u politiziranu sferu kao dio javne politike. Upravo sveobuhvatan EU pristup u upravljanju opskrbe plinom, Ävrsta pravila i uzajamne kontrole onemoguÄuju sekuritizaciju tog pitanja, odnosno hitnu akciju, izvan standardnih politiÄkih procedura i dogovorenih pravila
Impulse radio ultra wideband (IR-UWB) pulse generator in CMOS technology
Impulsni generator predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih delova bežiÄnog primopredajnika. Pored toga Å”to treba da generiÅ”e signal Äiji spektar zadovoljava odgovarajuÄu spektralnu masku, generator treba da bude Å”to jednostavniji, zauzima malu povrÅ”inu i ima malu potroÅ”nju. NauÄni doprinos ove doktorske disertacije predstavlja sedam novih konfiguracija ultra-Å”irokopojasnih impulsnih generatora projektovanih u CMOS tehnologiji, od kojih su tri fabrikovane u 0,18 Ī¼m UMC CMOS procesu. Prvi dizajn je zasnovan na principu kombinovanja kratkotrajnih impulsa, sledeÄa tri sadrže ring oscilator, naredna dva impulsna generatora koriste princip filtriranja, dok poslednje novo reÅ”enje obezbeÄuje BPSK kodovanje koriÅ”Äenjem dva ring oscilatora.Pulse generator is one of the most important parts of a wireless transceiver. Besides generating a signal which spectrum has to satisfy corresponding spectral mask, the pulse generator should have topology as simple as possible, consume low power and occupy low die-area. Scientific contribution of this dissertation are seven novel IR-UWB pulse generator architectures designed in CMOS technology of which three are fabricated in 0.18 Ī¼m UMC CMOS process. The first design is based on combining very short pulses, the next three contain a ring oscillator topology followed by two pulse generators that use the filtering approach, while the last new solution enables BPSK modulation by employing two ring oscillator topologies
Impulse radio ultra wideband (IR-UWB) pulse generator in CMOS technology
Impulsni generator predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih delova bežiÄnog primopredajnika. Pored toga Å”to treba da generiÅ”e signal Äiji spektar zadovoljava odgovarajuÄu spektralnu masku, generator treba da bude Å”to jednostavniji, zauzima malu povrÅ”inu i ima malu potroÅ”nju. NauÄni doprinos ove doktorske disertacije predstavlja sedam novih konfiguracija ultra-Å”irokopojasnih impulsnih generatora projektovanih u CMOS tehnologiji, od kojih su tri fabrikovane u 0,18 Ī¼m UMC CMOS procesu. Prvi dizajn je zasnovan na principu kombinovanja kratkotrajnih impulsa, sledeÄa tri sadrže ring oscilator, naredna dva impulsna generatora koriste princip filtriranja, dok poslednje novo reÅ”enje obezbeÄuje BPSK kodovanje koriÅ”Äenjem dva ring oscilatora.Pulse generator is one of the most important parts of a wireless transceiver. Besides generating a signal which spectrum has to satisfy corresponding spectral mask, the pulse generator should have topology as simple as possible, consume low power and occupy low die-area. Scientific contribution of this dissertation are seven novel IR-UWB pulse generator architectures designed in CMOS technology of which three are fabricated in 0.18 Ī¼m UMC CMOS process. The first design is based on combining very short pulses, the next three contain a ring oscillator topology followed by two pulse generators that use the filtering approach, while the last new solution enables BPSK modulation by employing two ring oscillator topologies
Food tourism concept - creating synergy between urban and rural places - case study of MagliÄ, Serbia
Food tourism is being seen as one of the fastest growing industries over the second half of the twentieth century (e.g.
Saeter, 1998; Smith, 1988) and a key support for the rural development. In declining rural areas, food tourism is often
seen as an additional economic activity and a method of retaining rural regions (Font and Ahjem, 1999). Urban-rural
connections are important for poverty assuagement, sustainable rural land use and balanced territorial development
in general. Additionally, strong bonds can improve the overall living conditions and employment chances for both
rural and urban areas (Tacoli, 1998, 2003; Rosenthal, 2000). The primary purpose of this study is to foster
relationships between urban and rural areas by developing a concept proposal for food tourism, through the........ at the Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade. The proposal was
created during the two theoretical and project-based courses, focused on the sustainable planning and design in the
natural environment. The location chosen for the project is a medieval fortress ..... with its surroundings, located
in the gorge of Ibar, 20 km south of the city of Kraljevo. Having lost its primary function, the site is nowadays poorly
visited. This problem is seen as a challenge to reinvent the urban/rural landscape and create an attractive ambient
which relates to the revitalised historical site. As a result, the specific concept of food tourism called āslow foodā is
developed, both based on tradition and modern values, further elaborated through the planning proposal and urban
design project. Following the specific planning and urban design methodology, the extensive research is drawn upon
mostly primary and secondary sources, including analysis of urban plans in different scales, comprehensive literature
review, as well as cooperation with local authorities and institutions. The full purpose and value of the proposal are
confirmed by the city government of Kraljevo and several city agencies and institutes, as the proposal initialized the
discussion and revival of the ideas for the important but forgotten historic place and its rural background
Tolerantnost kukuruza (Zea mays L.) na prisustvo NaCl tokom klijanja i nicanja
Since corn is grown in climatically diverse regions and under different production conditions, assuming that high salinity in the substrate affect corn seed performance, such conditions were simulated in this study in order to examine their effects on seedling geminability and length in several corn genotypes. The study showed that the tested seeds tolerated the stress conditions up to a certain point. The studied genotypes differed in level of resistance to the stress conditions. Salt concentrations were determined, which were capable of affecting negatively seed germinability and seedling growth.S obzirom na Å”irok areal rasprostranjenja i na razliÄite uslove proizvodnje, seme kukuruza izloženo je razliÄitim stresnim uslovima koji vladaju u pojedinim rejonima. Seme razliÄitih genotipova kukuruza izloženo je razliÄitim nepovoljnim faktorima. Simulirani su uslovi poveÄanog sadržaja soli u supstratu kao i njihov uticaj na klijavost i dužinu klijanca kod pojedinih genotipova kukuruza. Seme svih biljnih vrsta je osetljivo na nepovoljne uslove koji se mogu javiti u prirodi. PoveÄan sadržaj soli može da utiÄe na smanjenje klijavosti semena kukuruza kao i na smanjenje dužine korena i dužine ponika. Ispitivanja su pokazala razliku izmeÄu genotipova u otpornosti na stresne uslove. TakoÄe ispitivanjem su utvrÄene koncentracije koje mogu imati negativan uticaj kako na klijavost semena tako i na porast klice. Istraživanje je pokazalo da ispitivano seme može podneti odreÄene nepovoljne uslove
Influence of current reuse LNA circuit parameters on its noise figure
A 2.4 GHz low noise amplifier (LNA) with a bias current reuse technique is proposed in this work. To obtain the optimum noise figure (NF) value, dependence of NF on its most influential LNA parameters has been analyzed. Taking into account the LNA design requirements for other figures of merit, values of the circuit parameters are given for the optimum noise figure
Concept of energy security in contemporary security studies
Sintagma energetska sigurnost toliko je Äesto koriÅ”tena da se Äini jasnom i razumljivom. To je samo privid, jer je njezina upotreba ustvari kontroverzna, Äesto i preholistiÄka, Å”to upuÄuje na nedovoljnu razvijenost koncepta. Pod pojmom energetske sigurnosti raspravlja se o najrazliÄitijim pitanjima, koje na okupu drži pojam āenergijaā kao zajedniÄki nazivnik. U ovome se radu polazi od toga da je aktualni rast važnosti koncepta posljedica nove uloge koju je plinska trgovina izmeÄu EU-a i RF-a dobila nakon 2000., kao svojevrsna eksternalija njezina koriÅ”tenja u politici moÄi, njezine politizacije i pokuÅ”aja sekuritizacije. Pokazat Äe se da je koncept uvriježen semantiÄki konstrukt, no analitiÄki prazan ā pokriven je sektorom ekonomske, joÅ” viÅ”e (vanjsko)politiÄke sigurnosti. RazjaÅ”njenje i redefiniranje koncepta
energetske sigurnosti u aktualnom kontekstu pridonosi boljem teorijskom definiranju i dubljem razumijevanju empirijskih posljedica koriÅ”tenja koncepta, koji veÄ kao diskurzivna praksa odreÄuje Å”to se smatra problemom i može otežati ekonomsku suradnju.The term āenergy securityā has been so ubiquitous that it seems transparent and understandable. But that is just an illusion ā the usage of the term is controversial, often too holistic, indicating underdevelopment of the concept itself. Most diverse questions have been discussed under the term āenergy securityā ā they are, however, bound together only by the term āenergyā as their common denominator. In this paper, it is assumed that this concept is currently growing in importance as the consequence of a new role assigned to the gas trade between the EU and the Russian Federation since 2000, as an externality of the use of this trade in power politics, of its politicization and attempts at securitization. It will be shown that this concept is a semantically ingrained construct; as an analytical concept it is empty ā its meaning is already contained in the economic security sector, and even more so in the (foreign) political security sector. Explication and redefinition of the concept of energy security in the current context contribute to the improvement of theoretical delineation and deeper understanding of empirical implications of its usage. As a discursive practice, the concept determines what is to be considered a problem, and it may cause difficulties in economic cooperation
A Hibrid EU Response to Russiaās Politicization of Gas Trade Aimed At Energy Security Strenghtening
Europska unija se politizaciji svoje plinske trgovine s Ruskom Federacijom u 21. stoljeÄu prilagoÄava hibridnim modelom, koji je mjeÅ”avina razliÄitih mjera. Kako bi sprijeÄila ili barem ublažila rusko koriÅ”tenje te trgovine u realistiÄkoj politici moÄi, odgovara mjerama koje se sve viÅ”e udaljuju od ekonomske, osobito slobodnotržiÅ”ne, i približavaju politiÄkoj perspektivi, jer je unoÅ”enje politiÄkog elementa u vanjskotrgovinski odnos tražilo netržiÅ”ne odgovore. Na temelju analize odgovora Europske unije na prijetnju Äije je ishodiÅ”te u ruskoj politizaciji plinske trgovine moguÄe je pratiti postupnu transformaciju liberalno- ekonomskog identiteta Europske unije u sve viÅ”e geopolitiÄki u svijetu koji postaje sve realistiÄniji kako u energetskim pitanjima konkretno tako i u meÄunarodnim poslovima opÄenito. Europska unija je u svoju energetsku politiku uvrstila koncepte solidarnosti i suvereniteta, a visoki predstavnik za zajedniÄku vanjsku i sigurnosnu politiku Europske unije traži od nje da āponovno nauÄi jezik moÄiā.In the 21st century the European Union is adapting to the politicization of its gas trade with the Russian Federation with a hybrid model: a mixture of different measures. In order to prevent, or at least to mitigate, Russian use of gas trade in a realistic power politics, the EU is responding with measures which are digressing from the economic perspective, especially free-market one, and getting closer to the political perspective. Non-market responses have become unavoidable primarily due to bringing the political element into a foreign trade relationship. Based on the analysis of the EUās responses to the threat, which has originated from the Russian politicization of gas trade, it is possible to follow the incremental transformation of the EU liberal-economic identity into an increasingly geopolitical one in a world that is becoming increasingly realistic, both in the energy field and in international affairs in general. The European Union has included concepts of solidarity and sovereignty in its energy policy, yet according to the EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has to ālearn to use the language of power againā
Stvaranje Europske energetske unije i dnevni red politiÄkog odluÄivanja EU-a
Pitanje energetske sigurnosti, definirane kao sigurna opskrba energentima, potaknulo je produbljenje europske integracije na energetskom podruÄju, koje se držalo neodvojivim dijelom nacionalnog suvereniteta, tek kada je na važnosti dobio sigurnosni stup europske energetske politike sa svojom vanjskom dimenzijom, i to primarno uz opskrbu plinom. Pitanje stvaranja europske energetske unije penjalo se postupno po dnevnom redu EU-a, a uspjelo se popeti visoko tek putanjom āvisoke politikeā, nakon Å”to je uokvireno kroz sigurnosni stup. Na to su utjecali mnogi institucionalni i pojedinaÄni akteri, a joÅ” viÅ”e vanjski krizni dogaÄaji. Iako je jedan institucionalni akter EU, s uobiÄajenom ulogom iniciranja politika, vrlo rano oblikovao pitanje opskrbe energenata kao sigurnosno pitanje, u radu Äemo, primjenjujuÄi teoriju postavljanja dnevnog reda, nastojati pokazati Å”to je sve bilo potrebno da se ostale institucije i države Älanice EU-a uvjere u važnost tako oblikovanog pitanja, te da je Europsko vijeÄe, koje je, prije zadovoljno statusom quo, dugo sprjeÄavalo stavljanje pitanja na dnevni red, odigralo ulogu āmoÄnog vrataraā. S pomoÄu Kingdonova koncepta āprozora moguÄnostiā pokazat Äemo da je tek konvergencija osnaženoga politiÄkog tijeka, uslijed novih geopolitiÄkih dogaÄaja, s veÄ postojeÄim policy i problemskim tijekovima omoguÄila otvaranje āprozoraā za dalje produbljivanje europske energetske politike. Osvrnut Äemo se i na problem koherentnosti europske energetske politike, uvjetovan njezinim trima stupovima, meÄusektorskim implikacijama i intrainstitucionalnim segmentiranjem
The gas and vaccine trade in power politics
Ruska Federacija u odnosu s EU-om koristi plinsku trgovinuā kao instrument tvrde moÄi, dok trgovinu cjepivom pokuÅ”avaā koristiti kao instrument meke moÄi. Preduvjeti koji omoguÄavajuā koriÅ”tenje ta dva trgovinska odnosa u politici moÄi su āvrsta robe, a joÅ” viÅ”e odnos ovisnosti. Dok je pri uspostavi plinskeā trgovine s Rusijom EU zanemario moguÄnost da vanjsko-trgovinskiāodnos postane instrument jaÄanja nacionalne moÄiā i da ukljuÄuje potencijalne politiÄko-sigurnosne eksternalije, ātrgovinu cjepivom s ovom državom ne želi niti pokretati. To āÅ”to je osiguranje opskrbe odreÄenom robom postalo sastavniā dio vanjske i sigurnosne politike ukazuje na mijenjanje liberalno-āekonomskog identiteta EU-a u realistiÄko-politiÄki i na āželju Unije da izgradi i oÄuva strateÅ”ku autonomiju i suverenoā akterstvo u meÄunarodnim odnosima.āThe Russian Federation is using gas trade as an instrument of hard āpower in its relations with the EU, whereas trying to use the vaccine ātrade as an instrument of soft power. The preconditions that allow the āuse of those two trade relations in the power politics are the kind of ācommodity, and even more the relation of dependence. While in establishing āgas trade with Russia, the EU has neglected the possibility of āthe foreign trade relationship becoming an instrument of strengthening ānational power and including security externalities, it does notā want to start the vaccine trade with Russia. The fact that securing theā supply of certain goods has become an integral part of foreign and security āpolicy indicates a change in the EUĀ“s liberal-economic identity āinto realistic-political one and the EUĀ“s desire to build and preserveā
- ā¦