Gesetzliches unrecht und übergesetzliches recht

В оригіналі статті 1946 р. видатного німецького філософа права Ґустава Радбруха (1878-1949) на основі судової практики ФРН після падіння нацистського режиму та правовій теорії вченого про ідею права як справедливості викладається так звана “формула Радбруха” як підхід до вирішення су- перечності між «несправедливим законом» та “надзаконним правом”. Існують виключні випадки, “коли суперечність діючого закону щодо справедливості сягає настільки нестерпного масштабу, що закон як “несправедливе право” має поступитися справедливості.” Важко виокремити такі випадки, але чітким критерієм може служити відсутність прагнення до справедливості. Відтак в ідеї права Радбруха останнього його наукового періоду справедливості визначається провідна роль у порівняні з правопевністю та доцільністю.Based on the judicial practice of the after-Nazi West Germany and scholar’s legal theory of the idea of law as justice, the famous 1946 article by the prominent German philosopher of law Gustav Radbruch (1878-1949), sets forth the so-cold “Radbruch’s formula” as an approach to the solution of the conflict between “statutory non-law” and “suprastatutory law”. There might be exceptional cases when the conflict with justice reaches so intolerable a level that the statute becomes in effect “false law” and must therefore yield to justice. It is impossible to draw a sharper line between cases of statutory non-law and statutes that are valid despite their flaws. One line of distinction, however, can be drawn with utmost clarity: it is where there is not even an attempt at justice. Thus in the Radbruch’s idea of law in his post-War period, justice is provided with a predominant position in comparison to legal certainty and purposiveness.Передрук тексту оригіналу та друк перекладу здійснено з дозволу видавництва C. F. Müller Juristischer Verlag GmbH (Heidelberg). Переклад В. С. Бігуна за: Gesetzliches Unrecht und übergesetzliches Recht // Radbruch Gustav. Gesamtausgabe. Hrsg. von Arthur Kaufmann. – Heidelberg: Müller, Juristischer Verlag. – Band 3. Rechtsphilosophie. – 3 Bearb. von Winfried Hassemer. – 1990. – S. 83-93. Вперше опубліковано в: Süddeutsche Juristenzeitung. – 1946. – 1. S. 105-10

Fünf minuten rechtsphilosophie

В переведенной газетной статье сентября 1945 года выдающегося немецкого философа права Густава Радбруха (1878-1949) лаконично излагаются его взгляды на проблему противостояния между “несправедливыми законами” и справедливостью. Хотя такие законы и могут существовать, как это подтверждает двенадцать лет нацистского режима, проблема противостояния должна быть решена в пользу справедливости: “что хотя законы, в значительной мере несправедливые и наносящие ущерб обществу и могут существовать, им следует отказывать в действии и в признании их правового характера”.The translation into the Ukrainian language of the September 1945 newspaper article by the prominent German philosopher of law Gustav Radbruch (1878-1949) presents a brief but concise account of his views on the conflict between “unjust laws” and justice. Although such laws may be exist, as it was proved in the time of twelve years of the Nazi regime, the conflict should be solved in favor of justice: the laws that are “unjust to a considerable degree and harmful to the society” should be devoid of validity and the recognition of their legal character

Der mensch im recht

В статье, представленной как выступление выдающегося немецкого философа права Густава Радбруха (1878-1949) при вступлении на профессорскую должность в Гейдельбергском университете в 1927 г., излагаются взгляды ученого на проблему человека в праве. Человек в праве в понимание Радбруха – это его образ. Образ человека и правопонимание, или образ права, соотносящиеся понятия. Именно с изменением образа человека в истории права изменяются и эпохи. Представлены философско-правовые и историко-правовые вопросы эволюцию образа права и образа человека как объекта и субъекта права в разные эпохи, в том числе и в перспективе.The article is the professorship appointment lecture by the prominent German philosopher of law Gustav Radbruch (1878-1949) delivered at Heidelberg University in 1927. It lays out scholar’s view on human being in law. For Radbruch, man in law is manifested in “image of man” (Menschenbild). Image of man and image (or concept ) of law are notions standing in correlation. Indeed, it is the change of image of man that changes epoch in legal history. The work presents legal historical and philosophical issues of the evolution of the image of law and the image of man, as a legal object and legal subject, in different epochs, includes a scholar’s preview on their perspective development.Ця праця Густава Радбруха виголошена у якості промови при вступі на посаду професора Гайдельберзького університету (1927). Передрук тексту оригіналу та друк перекладу здійснено з дозволу видавництва C. F. Müller Juristischer Verlag GmbH (Heidelberg). Переклад В. С. Бігуна, редакція перекладу Р. І. Корнути за: Der Mensch im Recht // Radbruch Gustav. Gesamtausgabe. Hrsg. von Arthur Kaufmann. – Heidelberg: Müller, Juristischer Verlag. – Band 2. Rechtsphilosophie. – 2 Bearb. von Arthur Kaufmann. – 1993. – S. 467-476

Poor sleep in multiple sclerosis correlates with Beck Depression Inventory values, but not with polysomnographic data

Objectives. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) values correlate with depression, but studies investigating the relationship between PSQI values and polysomnographic (PSG) data showed inconsistent findings. Methods. Sixty-five consecutive patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were retrospectively classified as "good sleepers" (GS) (PSQI ≤ 5) and "poor sleepers" (PS) (PSQI > 5). The PSG data and the values of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of fatigue, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were compared. Results. No significant differences were found either for PSG data or for ESS, MFIS, and FSS values; but PS showed significantly increased BDI and VAS values. Conclusions. Poor sleep is associated with increased depression and fatigue scale values

Sleep disorders reduce health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis (Nottingham Health Profile data in patients with multiple sclerosis)

Quality of Life (QoL) is decreased in multiple sclerosis (MS), but studies about the impact of sleep disorders (SD) on health-related quality of Life (HRQoL) are lacking. From our original cohort, a cross-sectional polysomnographic (PSG) study in consecutive MS patients, we retrospectively analysed the previously unpublished data of the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Those MS patients suffering from sleep disorders (n = 49) showed significantly lower HRQoL compared to MS patients without sleep disorders (n = 17). Subsequently, we classified the patients into four subgroups: insomnia (n = 17), restless-legs syndrome, periodic limb movement disorder and SD due to leg pain (n = 24), obstructive sleep apnea (n = 8) and patients without sleep disorder (n = 17). OSA and insomnia patients showed significantly higher NHP values and decreased HRQoL not only for the sleep subscale but also for the "energy" and "emotional" area of the NHP. In addition, OSA patients also showed increased NHP values in the "physical abilities" area. Interestingly, we did not find a correlation between the objective PSG parameters and the subjective sleep items of the NHP. However, this study demonstrates that sleep disorders can reduce HRQoL in MS patients and should be considered as an important confounder in all studies investigating HRQoL in MS

Periodic limb movements during REM sleep in multiple sclerosis: a previously undescribed entity

Background: There are few studies describing periodic limb movement syndrome (PLMS) in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in patients with narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, REM sleep behavior disorder, and spinal cord injury, and to a lesser extent, in insomnia patients and healthy controls, but no published cases in multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to investigate PLMS in REM sleep in MS and to analyze whether it is associated with age, sex, disability, and laboratory findings. Methods: From a study of MS patients originally published in 2011, we retrospectively analyzed periodic limb movements (PLMs) during REM sleep by classifying patients into two subgroups: PLM during REM sleep greater than or equal to ten per hour of REM sleep (n=7) vs less than ten per hour of REM sleep (n=59). A univariate analysis between PLM and disability, age, sex, laboratory findings, and polysomnographic data was performed. Results: MS patients with more than ten PLMs per hour of REM sleep showed a significantly higher disability measured by the Kurtzke expanded disability status scale (EDSS) (P=0.023). The presence of more than ten PLMs per hour of REM sleep was associated with a greater likelihood of disability (odds ratio 22.1; 95% confidence interval 3.5–139.7; P<0.0001), whereas there were no differences in laboratory and other polysomnographic findings. Conclusion: PLMs during REM sleep were not described in MS earlier, and they are associated with disability measured by the EDSS

Is the blue tit falling into an ecological trap in Argentine ant invaded forests?

Because insectivorous birds must evaluate resources for reproduction before settling into a breed- ing habitat, they can fall into an ecological trap if informative cues about habitat suitability become dissociated from their actual yield. Given their potential to affect ecological networks, invasive ant species are potential candidates for triggering such ecological traps. We combined observational and experimental approaches to examine whether the variation in food supply for nestlings resulting from the invasion of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, had any influence on the breeding ecology of the blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus, an insectivorous foliage-gleaner. We inves- tigated the effects of the ant invasion on breeding performance (nesting success, clutch size, brood size and breeding success) and offspring quality (body size and condition, developmental stability and plumage colour) in replicated Mediterranean forest areas over a period of 3 years. There was no evidence that the reduction in caterpillar availability resulting from the invasion had a concurrent negative effect on the blue tit’s ability to successfully rear nestlings in optimal conditions, at least as measured here. Although the raw figures suggest an increased level of nutritional stress in blue tits breeding in invaded forests, the data analyses showed no significant alterations in terms of productiv- ity or offspring fitness. The reproductive performance of the blue tit has been shown to be remarkably resilient to the Argentine ant-mediated food shortage, either because the prey reduction following the invasion did not reach a critical threshold or because of compensa- tory activity by the progenitors. We cannot conclusively reject an ecological trap triggered by the ant invasion on blue tits, since neither fledgling recruitment nor the prospective survival of parents were assessed. Even though we could not confirm short-term consequences of the Argentine ant invasion on blue tit reproductive fitness, the long-term bottom-up effects of the invasion remain unknown and should not be ruled outPeer reviewe