6 research outputs found
Kombinacione sposobnosti inbred linija kukuruza za prinos zrna i komponente prinosa
Diallel mating design experiment with reciprocal crosses was used to determine combining abilities of five maize inbred lines and their hybrid combinations for grain yield, ear length, ear diameter, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row in 2005. and 2006. year. GCA and SCA significant values were observed for all traits under study in both years. GCA/SCA relation showed that dominant gene effect had prevalent influence in the inheritance of grain yield, ear length and ear diameter. Additive gene effect had larger importance in the inheritance of number of kernel rows per ear. NS-1445 inbred line showed best GCA effect for grain yield, ear length and number of kernels per row, but worst GCA effect for number of kernel rows per ear. Best GCA effect for ear diameter achieved inbred line F-7R. Line BL-47 showed best GCA effect for number of kernel rows per ear in both years, but also the worst GCA effect for grain yield and number of kernels per row. Hybrid combination NS-1445 x BL-47 showed largest SCA effect for grain yield in both years and also showed, like hybrid combination F-7R x NS-1445, significant SCA effects for all other traits, except ear diameter. This cross also proved that hybrid combinations that include one parent with good GCA effect and the other parent with bad GCA effect can have very successful performance. It will be useful during selection material testing, to keep also genotypes which show bad GCA effect, but have phenotypic favorable trait values. Reciprocity effect was significant for SCA effects of all traits but ear diameter. It is the conformation of involvement of plasmagenes in maize quantitative traits inheritance. The largest reciprocity effect for grain yield achieved F-7R x BL-47 in both years. Significantly higher grain yield in this hybrid combination was achieved when line F-7R was used as a female parent and significantly higher number of kernel rows per ear was achieved when line BL-47 was used as a female parent.Metodom dialelnog reciproÄnog ukrÅ”tanja utvrÄene su kombinacione sposobnosti pet inbred linija kukuruza i njihovih hibridnih kombinacija za prinos zrna, dužinu klipa, preÄnik klipa, broj redova zrna i broj zrna u redu u 2005. i 2006. godini. Ustanovljene su znaÄajne vrednosti OKS i PKS za sve ispitivane osobine u obe prouÄavane godine. Odnos izmeÄu OKS i PKS, pokazuje da dominantno delovanje gena ima preovlaÄujuÄu ulogu u nasleÄivanju prinosa zrna, dužine klipa i preÄnika klipa, dok aditivno delovanje gena ima veÄi znaÄaj u nasleÄivanju broja redova zrna. Najbolju OKS za prinos zrna, dužinu klipa i broj zrna u redu pokazala je linija NS-1445, koja je ujedno imala i najslabiju OKS za broj redova zrna. Najbolju OKS za preÄnik klipa pokazala je linija F-7R. Najbolju OKS za broj redova zrna pokazala je linija BL-47 u obe prouÄavane godine, a ujedno je imala i najslabiju OKS za prinos zrna i za broj zrna u redu. NajveÄu vrednost PKS za prinos zrna pokazao je hibrid NS-1445 x BL-47 u obe prouÄavane godine, koji je osim toga, kao i hibrid F-7R x NS-1445, pokazao znaÄajne vrednosti PKS i za sve ostale osobine, osim preÄnika klipa. To je dokaz da pojedine hibridne kombinacije koje ukljuÄuju jednog roditelja sa dobrim OKS i drugog roditelja sa loÅ”im OKS, mogu imati izuzetno dobre performanse. Zbog toga bi prilikom testiranja selekcionog materijala, korisno bilo zadržati i one genotipove koji pokazuju loÅ”e OKS, a ujedno imaju fenotipski poželjne osobine. Ustanovljeno je da reciproÄno ukrÅ”tanje utiÄe na efekat PKS za sve ispitivane osobine, osim preÄnika klipa. To ukazuje, da osim nuklearnih gena i plazma geni imaju važnu ulogu u nasleÄivanju kvantitativnih osobina kukuruza. NajveÄu razliku u vrednosti PKS za prinos zrna izmeÄu direktnog i reciproÄnog ukrÅ”tanja ostvario je hibrid F-7R x BL-47 u obe prouÄavane godine. Pri tome su znaÄajno veÄi prinosi zrna ostvareni koriÅ”Äenjem linije F-7R kao ženskog roditelja. Suprotno prinosu, ovaj hibrid je imao znaÄajno veÄi broj redova zrna sa linijom BL-47 na poziciji ženskog roditelja
ZnaÄaj kombinacionih sposobnosti i heterozisa za prinos zrna kukuruza
The estimation of variability of five maize inbred lines and their diallel hybrids related to the grain yield, superior-parent heterosis and general and specific combining abilities after the method developed by Griffing, (1956a) (Method I, mathematical model I) was the aim of this study. According to obtained results it can be concluded that the variability of this trait is significantly affected by a genotype, year and a genotype x year interaction. Since the depression of the ear length occurs in inbreds in inbreeding, this trait was greater in hybrids than inbreds, as expected. The highest average heterosis for the grain yield was determined in the hybrids F-7R x NS-1445 (157,38% in 2005.) and F-7R x BL-47 (114.23% in 2006). The analysis of variance of combining abilities for the grain yield pointed out to highly significantly positive values of GCA and SCA for the observed trait in both years of investigation. Non-additive genes (dominance and epistasis) had the significant importance for grain yield heritability, indicating that the GCA to SCA ratio was bellow 1. The inbreds F-7R and NS-1445 were genotypes with the highest GCA effects, while hybrid combinations NS-1445 x BL-47, F-7RxW-37A, F-7RxNS-1445 were population with significant SCA effects in both years of investigation. They encompass both parents with high GCA effects or one parent with high GCA effects and other with low GCA effects. This is probably a result of additive gene effects (additive x additive) of the interaction between parents.Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se za prinos zrna kukuruza procene: varijabilnost inbred linija i njihovih dialelnih hibrida, heterozis u odnosu na boljeg roditelja i opÅ”te i posebne kombinacione sposobnosti. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata dvogodiÅ”njeg istraživanja može se zakljuÄiti da na varijabilnost ove osobine znaÄajno utiÄu genotip, godina i njihova interakcija. Kao posledica fenomena heterozisa i depresije usled inbridinga, hibridi su u odnosu na linije u obe godine imali znaÄajno veÄe srednje vrijednosti za prinos. Ispitivani genotipovi su specifiÄno reagovali na uslove proizvodnje za prinos. NajveÄi proseÄan prinos zrna imao je hibrid F-7R x NS-1445 u 2005. i njegova reciproÄna verzija u 2006. godini. Ustanovljene su znaÄajne vrednosti OKS i PKS kod prinosa zrna. Odnos izmeÄu OKS i PKS, pokazuje da dominantno delovanje gena ima preovlaÄujuÄu ulogu u nasleÄivanju prinosa zrna. Najbolju OKS za prinos zrna pokazala je linija NS- 1445. NajveÄu vrednost PKS za prinos zrna pokazao je hibrid NS-1445 x BL-47 u obe godine. To je dokaz da pojedine hibridne kombinacije koje ukljuÄuju jednog roditelja sa dobrim OKS i drugog roditelja sa loÅ”im OKS, mogu imati izuzetno vredne performanse. Ovo je verovatno posledica delovanja aditivnog tipa (aditivni x aditivni) interakcije meÄu roditeljima. Ustanovljeno je da reciproÄno ukrÅ”tanje utiÄe na efekat PKS za prinos zrna, jer osim nuklearnih gena i plazma geni imaju važnu ulogu u nasleÄivanju prinosa kukuruza. NajveÄu razliku u vrijednosti PKS za prinos zrna izmeÄu direktnog i reciproÄnog ukrÅ”tanja ispoljio je hibrid F-7R x BL-47 u obe godine prouÄavanja. Pri tome su znaÄajno veÄi prinosi ostvareni koriÅ”Äenjem linije F-7R na poziciji majke umjesto oca
GenetiÄka osnova nasleÄivanja visine biljke kukuruza
The aim of this study, on the grounds of direct and reciprocal diallel crossing of five inbred lines of maize, was to determine: variability, heterosis, combining ability and genetic basis of plant height inheritance. The experiment was based on the principle of randomized block design in four repetitions during two years. Analysis of variance of combining abilities for plant height indicates the significance of general and specific combining abilities. The GCA/SCA ratio shows that for the inheritance of these traits non-additive genes are the most important. Variations between direct and reciprocal crossing of this trait were highly significant in all combinations except in combination of ZPL-11/6 x NS-1445, with the largest effect of reciprocity established in combination of ZPL-11/6 x BL-47 in both years. This indicates that regarding the inheritance of plant height, apart from nuclear genes, plasma genes are involved as well. Eight out of ten hybrid combinations had highly significant positive values of SCA. The high value of SCA for this trait was noticed in the case of a hybrid combination of F-7R and lines that were generally bad combiners (ZPL-11/6 and BL-47; hybrid combinations where one parent was with high GCA and the other with low GCA), which was probably due to interactions between parents' genes.Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se na osnovu direktnog i reciproÄnog dialelnog ukrÅ”tanja pet inbred linija kukuruza utvrde: varijabilnost, heterozis, kombinacione sposobnosti i genetiÄka osnova nasleÄivanja visine biljke. Ogled je postavljen po metodu sluÄajnog blok sistema u Äetiri ponavljanja u toku dve godine. Analiza varijanse kombinacionih sposobnosti za visinu biljke ukazuje na znaÄajnost i opÅ”tih i posebnih kombinacionih sposobnosti. Odnos OKS/PKS pokazuje da u nasleÄivanju ove osobine znaÄajniju ulogu imaju neaditivni geni. Razlike izmeÄu direktnog i reciproÄnog ukrÅ”tanja za ovu osobinu bile su visoko znaÄajne kod svih kombinacija, osim kombinacije ZPL-11/6 x NS-1445, a najveÄi efekat reciprociteta ustanovljen je kod kombinacije ZPL-11/6 x BL-47 u obe godine ispitivanja. Ovo nam ukazuje da u nasleÄivanju visine biljke, osim nuklearnih uÄestvuju i plazma geni. Visoko znaÄajne pozitivne vrednosti PKS imalo je osam od ukupno deset hibridnih kombinacija. Visoke vrednosti PKS za ovu osobinu imale su hibridne kombinacije F-7R i linije koje su bile loÅ”i opÅ”ti kombinatori (ZPL-11/6 i BL-47; hibridne kombinacije gde je jedan roditelji sa visokom OKS, a drugi sa niskom OKS), Å”to je verovatno posledica interakcije izmeÄu gena roditelja
Varijabilnost i heritabilnost prinosa i komponenata prinosa kukuruza
A set of five maize inbred lines and their diallel hybrids of the F1 generation for grain yield and yield components (ear lenght, kernel row number and kernel number per row) were investigated in this study. A comparative trial with inbreds and hybrids was set at Banja Luka in 2005 and 2006. The analysis of genetic variance components and regression analysis were done after Jinks, 1954, Hayman, 1954, Mather and Jinks, 1971. Dominant components (H1 and H2) of genetic variance were greater than additive ones (D) for all studied traits except the kernel row number. Results on the regression analysis point out to super-dominance in inheritance of all traits, but the kernel row number, for which a partial dominance was estimated. The high broad sense heritability was registered for all traits, indicating a great significance of dominant genes for their expression. As expected, the highest narrow sense heritability was detected for the kernel row number, due to a higher frequency of additive genes. .Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se za Äetiri svojstva kukuruza oceni varijabilnost inbred linija i njihovih dijalelnih hibrida i procene komponente genetiÄke varijabilnosti i heritabilnosti na bazi dijalelnog seta. UtvrÄeno je da na varijabilnost ispitivanih svojstava znaÄajno utiÄu genotip, godina i njihova interakcija. Hibridi su u odnosu na linije ispoljili veÄe srednje vrednosti za veÄinu svojstava. Analiza komponenti genetiÄke varijanse pokazuje da su dominantne komponente bile veÄe od aditivne i imale važniju ulogu u nasleÄivanju svih ispitivanih svojstava, osim za broj redova zrna gde je aditivna genetiÄka varijansa bila znaÄajnija. F parametar, kao i frekvencija dominantnih gena ukazuju da dominantni geni preovlaÄuju nad recesivnim za veÄinu svojstava. Sva svojstva, osim broja redova zrna, se nasleÄuju superdominantno. Odnos dominantih i recesivnih gena kod roditelja pokazuje da su za prinos zrna, dužinu klipa i broj zrna u redu preovladavali dominantni, a za broj redova zrna recesivni geni. Za sva ispitivana svojstva, osim za broj redova zrna, dobijene su niske vrednosti heritabilnosti u užem, a visoke u Å”irem smislu.
IGRE NA MALOM PROSTORU (SSG) NASUPROT INTERVALNOM TRENINGU KOD MLADIH FUDBALERA: EFEKTI NA TELESNU KOMPOZICIJU
The aim of this research was to determine the effects of small-sided games (SSGs) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition in adolescent soccer players. A total of 60 young male soccer players (Age: 15.6Ā±0.6 years) were recruited. We registered the following body composition variables: body fat, percentage of fat mass (BF%), muscle mass, body mass, total body water (TBW), and BMI. Players were randomly assigned to the SSG or HIIT group during the last eight weeks of the season. The HIIT group showed significantly improved body fat and body fat % (pā¤0.05), whereas no change was observed for body mass, BMI, body water and muscle mass in both groups. In conclusion, HIIT training improved or maintained body composition status in adolescent soccer players. On the contrary, SSG training seems to increase body fat and consequently affect playersā performance at the end of the season.Cilj ove studije bio je utvrditi efekte igara na malom prostoru (SSG) i visoko intenzivnog intervalnog treninga (HIIT) na telesnu kompoziciju kod mladih fudbalera. Ukupan broj uÄesnika u ovoj studiji bio je 60 (Uzrast: 15.6Ā±0.6 godina). Za procenu telesne kompozicije koriÅ”Äene su sledeÄe varijable: telesne masti, procenat telesnih masti (BF%), miÅ”iÄna masa, telesna masa, ukupna koliÄina vode (TBW) i BMI. IgraÄi su bili nasumiÄno rasporeÄeni u SSG ili HIIT grupu tokom poslednjih osam nedelja u sezoni. HIIT grupa pokazala je znaÄajno poboljÅ”anje telesnih masti i procenta telesnih masti (pā¤0.05),dok promene nisu uoÄene u telesnoj masi, BMI, telesnoj vodi i miÅ”iÄnoj masi u obe grupe. ZakljuÄili smo da je HIIT trening poboljÅ”ao ili zadržao postojeÄi status telesne kompozicije mladih fudbalera. S druge strane, SSG trening je poveÄao telesne masti i time uticao na performanse igraÄa na kraju sezone
The genetic basis of inheritance of plant height in maize
The aim of this study, on the grounds of direct and reciprocal diallel
crossing of five inbred lines of maize, was to determine: variability,
heterosis, combining ability and genetic basis of plant height inheritance.
The experiment was based on the principle of randomized block design in four
repetitions during two years. Analysis of variance of combining abilities
for plant height indicates the significance of general and specific
combining abilities. The GCA/SCA ratio shows that for the inheritance of
these traits non-additive genes are the most important. Variations between
direct and reciprocal crossing of this trait were highly significant in all
combinations except in combination of ZPL-11/6 x NS-1445, with the largest
effect of reciprocity established in combination of ZPL-11/6 x BL-47 in both
years. This indicates that regarding the inheritance of plant height, apart
from nuclear genes, plasma genes are involved as well. Eight out of ten
hybrid combinations had highly significant positive values of SCA. The high
value of SCA for this trait was noticed in the case of a hybrid combination
of F-7R and lines that were generally bad combiners (ZPL-11/6 and BL-47;
hybrid combinations where one parent was with high GCA and the other with
low GCA), which was probably due to interactions between parentsā genes