UKRAIŃSKIE KARY W PRAWIE KARNYM W PRZEKŁADZIE NA JĘZYK POLSKI

The bonds between Ukraine and Poland, developing collaboration also within the framework of mutual legal assistance between justice departments cause growing demand for legal translations in the field of criminal law. The absence of legal dictionaries and academic papers about Ukrainian legal terminology and the system of penalties in Ukraine leads to difficulties connected with providing equivalents by comparing parallel texts of statutes of these two countries. This paper analyses twelve types of penalties, regulated by criminal law of Ukraine, in the context of translation problems encountered in Ukrainian-Polish translation of legal texts. After presenting a brief comparison of Ukrainian and Polish regulations in different fields of law, the authors discuss the problematic issues connected with translation of the Ukrainian names of penalties, and also provide recommendations how to translate those terms effectively.Sąsiedztwo Polski i Ukrainy, rozwijająca się współpraca, również w zakresie pomocy prawnej pomiędzy organami wymiaru sprawiedliwości, powoduje rosnące zapotrzebowanie na tłumaczenia tekstów prawnych z dziedziny prawa karnego. Ze względu na brak pomocy naukowych poruszających problematykę ukraińskiej terminologii prawniczej, w tym systemu kar Ukrainy, tłumacz stoi przed trudnym wyzwaniem polegającym na badaniu aktów prawnych obu państw, ich interpretacji i wyborze ostatecznego wariantu tłumaczenia. Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi omówienie dwunastu rodzajów kar, przewidzianych w prawie karnym Ukrainy, w kontekście problematyki tłumaczenia tekstów prawnych na język polski. Zestawiając przepisy ukraińskie i polskie, dotyczące różnorodnych gałęzi prawa, wyjaśnione zostały kwestie problematyczne w procesie tłumaczenia ukraińskich terminów dotyczących kar kryminalnych, a także przedstawione zostały propozycje ich prawidłowego przekładu

Spatial and Temporal Correlations of Freeway Link Speeds: An Empirical Study

Congestion on roadways and high level of uncertainty of traffic conditions are major considerations for trip planning. The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristics and patterns of spatial and temporal correlations and also to detect other variables that affect correlation in a freeway setting. 5-minute speed aggregates from the Performance Measurement System (PeMS) database are obtained for two directions of an urban freeway – I-10 between Santa Monica and Los Angeles, California. Observations are for all non-holiday weekdays between January 1st and June 30th, 2010. Other variables include traffic flow, ramp locations, number of lanes and the level of congestion at each detector station. A weighted least squares multilinear regression model is fitted to the data; the dependent variable is Fisher Z transform of correlation coefficient. Estimated coefficients of the general regression model indicate that increasing spatial and temporal distances reduces correlations. The positive parameters of spatial and temporal distance interaction term show that the reduction rate diminishes with spatial or temporal distance. Higher congestion tends to retain higher expected value of correlation; corrections to the model due to variations in road geometry tend to be minor. The general model provides a framework for building a family of more responsive and better-fitting models for a 6.5 mile segment of the freeway during three times of day: morning, midday, and afternoon. Each model is cross-validated on two locations: the opposite direction of the freeway, and a different location on the direction used for estimation. Cross-validation results show that models are able to retain 75% or more of their original predictive capability on independent samples. Incorporation of predictor variables that describe road geometry and traffic conditions into the model works beneficially in capturing a significant portion of variance of the response. The developed regression models are thus transferrable and are apt to predict correlation on other freeway locations

Smoking habits among women over 30 years old in Małopolska

Introduction: The aim of the study was to estimate smoking habits and their intensity among women from urban and rural residents of Małopolska voivodship. Material and methods: A structured questionnaire was used by trained nurses who conducted personal interview. Questions regarding smoking referred to age of starting smoking, duration of smoking, average daily number of cigarettes smoked. The total number of collected interviews was 840. Lifetime exposure to cigarette smoking was expressed in pack-years. Results: Data were collected among 602 urban and 238 rural women from Małopolska voivodship. In Małopolska, there are 23.4% current smokers among women, 21.7% are ex-smokers, and about 55% never smoked. The percentage of never smokers in women is significantly higher among the rural women group (67.3%) than urban women group (50.0%). Currently smoking are 25.9% urban inhabitans and 17.2% women from rural population. There were no significant differences in smoking habits among younger group of women (below 50 years) living in urban and rural areas. Conclusion: The present results indicate that female population in urban and rural areas need effective educational strategy associated with presenting negative consequences of tobacco smoking and support in quitting the addiction. Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol. 2011; 79, 1: 16-20Wstęp: Celem badania była ocena częstości palenia tytoniu i stopnia nasilenia tego nałogu wśród mieszkanek miast i wsi województwa małopolskiego. Materiał i metody: W badaniu zastosowano metodę wywiadu standaryzowanego, który przeprowadzały odpowiednio przeszkolone pielęgniarki. Pytania związane z paleniem tytoniu dotyczyły wieku rozpoczęcia i czasu palenia, średniej liczby wypalanych dziennie papierosów. Ogółem zebrano 840 wywiadów. Łączną ekspozycję narażenia na palenie tytoniu wyrażono w paczkolatach. Wyniki: Wywiady zebrano od 602 mieszkanek miast i 238 mieszkanek wsi województwa małopolskiego. W Małopolsce pali obecnie 23,4% kobiet, 21,7% jest byłymi palaczkami, a blisko 55% kobiet nigdy nie paliło tytoniu. Odsetek kobiet niepalących jest istotnie wyższy w grupie kobiet mieszkających na wsi (67,3%) w porównaniu z kobietami z miasta (50,0%). Obecnie pali 25,9% mieszkanek miast i 17,2% mieszkanek wsi. Nie zaobserwowano istotnych różnic w paleniu tytoniu w grupie młodszych kobiet (poniżej 50. rż.) zamieszkujących tereny miejskie i wiejskie. Wnioski: Wyniki badania autorów niniejszej pracy wskazują na konieczność intensywnych działań edukacyjnych w zakresie szkodliwości palenia tytoniu, jak również pomocy w uwalnianiu się od nałogu, które powinny być prowadzone wśród kobiet zarówno w środowisku miejskim, jak i wiejskim. Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol. 2011; 79, 1: 16-2

Factors affecting the choice of therapeutic regimens in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients and patient adherence to the therapies prescribed

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are the most common chronic respiratory diseases worldwide. At the moment, there is no information about the preferences of Polish specialists as regards the treatment of asthma and COPD or factors influencing the choice of particular treatment regimens. Aim: To determine the treatment options most commonly used by experienced pulmonologists and allergists for asthma and COPD and to identify the factors affecting the choice of a particular therapy. Material and methods: The survey included 224 doctors (pulmonologists and allergists) across Poland and concerned patients diagnosed with asthma (n = 4358) and COPD (n = 3062). Results: In the case of asthma, the most common therapy applied was inhaled glucocorticosteroids and long-acting \beta2 agonists. According to 27.2% of doctors, combination therapy was used in 70-80% of patients while 23.7% declared that the proportion of patients receiving such a treatment exceeded 80%. In the case of COPD, anticholinergics were most frequently prescribed when inhaled glucocorticosteroids and long-acting \beta2 agonists had proved insufficient. According to 21% of specialists, the percentage of patients treated so was 41-50%, while 19% declared the use of this treatment in 71-80% of patients. Conclusions: The most common treatments for asthma and COPD in Poland are inhaled glucocorticosteroids and long-acting \beta2 agonists. The main factors influencing treatment decisions are the current GINA and GOLD recommendations as well as patients' age, comorbidities, and price of treatment

Temporal Changes of Lung Cancer Mortality in Korea

The lung cancer mortality in Korea has increased remarkably during the last 20 yr, and, it has become the first leading cause of cancer-related deaths since 2000. The aim of the current study was to examine time trends of lung cancer mortality during the period 1984-2003 in Korea, assessing the effects of age, period, and birth cohort. Data on the annual number of deaths due to lung cancer and on population statistics from 1984 to 2003 were obtained from the Korea National Statistical Office. A log-linear Poisson age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort. The both trends of male and female lung cancer mortality were both explained by age-period-cohort models. The risks of lung cancer mortalities for both genders were shown to decline in recent birth cohorts. The decreasing trends begin with the 1939 birth cohort for men and 1959 for women. The mortality pattern of lung cancer was dominantly explained by a birth cohort effect, possibly related with the change in smoking pattern, for both men and women. Finally, the mortality of lung cancer in Korea is expected to further increase in both men and women for a while

Konteksty prawa i praw człowieka

Praca recenzowana / Peer-reviewed paperW monografii i znalazły się artykuły prezentujące stan prawny na 2010 rok, pozornie ze sobą niezwiązane, bardzo zróżnicowane pod względem tematycznym, prezentujące zainteresowania badawcze osób o różnym doświadczeniu i stażu pracy. Ideą przewodnią łączącą te opracowania są prawa człowieka i ich ochrona, w szczególności w świetle uregulowań Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności i orzecznictwa ETPCz

Treatment challenges in and outside a specialist network setting: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours

Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms comprise a group of rare tumours with special biology, an often indolent behaviour and particular diagnostic and therapeutic requirements. The specialized biochemical tests and radiological investigations, the complexity of surgical options and the variety of medical treatments that require individual tailoring, mandate a multidisciplinary approach that can be optimally achieved through an organized network. The present study describes currents concepts in the management of these tumours as well as an insight into the challenges of delivering the pathway in and outside a Network

Treatment challenges in and outside a network setting: Head and neck cancers

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a rare disease that can affect different sites and is characterized by variable incidence and 5-year survival rates across Europe. Multiple factors need to be considered when choosing the most appropriate treatment for HNC patients, such as age, comorbidities, social issues, and especially whether to prefer surgery or radiation-based protocols. Given the complexity of this scenario, the creation of a highly specialized multidisciplinary team is recommended to guarantee the best oncological outcome and prevent or adequately treat any adverse effect. Data from literature suggest that the multidisciplinary team-based approach is beneficial for HNC patients and lead to improved survival rates. This result is likely due to improved diagnostic and staging accuracy, a more efficacious therapeutic approach and enhanced communication across disciplines. Despite the benefit of MTD, it must be noted that this approach requires considerable time, effort and financial resources and is usually more frequent in highly organized and high-volume centers. Literature data on clinical research suggest that patients treated in high-accrual centers report better treatment outcomes compared to patients treated in low-volume centers, where a lower radiotherapy-compliance and worst overall survival have been reported. There is general agreement that treatment of rare cancers such as HNC should be concentrated in high volume, specialized and multidisciplinary centers. In order to achieve this goal, the creation of international collaboration network is fundamental. The European Reference Networks for example aim to create an international virtual advisory board, whose objectives are the exchange of expertise, training, clinical collaboration and the reduction of disparities and enhancement of rationalize migration across Europe. The purpose of our work is to review all aspects and challenges in and outside this network setting planned for the management of HNC patients

Testicular germ-cell tumours and penile squamous cell carcinoma: Appropriate management makes the difference

Germ-cell tumours (GCT) of the testis and penile squamous cell carcinoma (PeSCC) are a rare and a very rare uro-genital cancers, respectively. Both tumours are well defined entities in terms of management, where specific recommendations - in the form of continuously up-to-dated guide lines-are provided. Impact of these tumour is relevant. Testicular GCT affects young, healthy men at the beginning of their adult life. PeSCC affects older men, but a proportion of these patients are young and the personal consequences of the disease may be devastating. Deviation from recommended management may be a reason of a significant prognostic worsening, as proper treatment favourably impacts on these tumours, dramatically on GCT and significantly on PeSCC. RARECAREnet data may permit to analyse how survivals may vary according to geographical areas, histology and age, leading to assume that non-homogeneous health-care resources may impact the cure and definitive outcomes. In support of this hypothesis, some epidemiologic datasets and clinical findings would indicate that survival may improve when appropriate treatments are delivered, linked to a different accessibility to the best health institutions, as a consequence of geographical, cultural and economic barriers. Finally, strong clues based on epidemiological and clinical data support the hypothesis that treatment delivered at reference centres or under the aegis of a qualified multi-institutional network is associated with a better prognosis of patients with these malignancies. The ERN EURACAN represents the best current European effort to answer this clinical need

Colorectal cancer survival in the USA and Europe: a CONCORD high-resolution study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the extent to which stage at diagnosis and adherence to treatment guidelines may explain the persistent differences in colorectal cancer survival between the USA and Europe. DESIGN: A high-resolution study using detailed clinical data on Dukes' stage, diagnostic procedures, treatment and follow-up, collected directly from medical records by trained abstractors under a single protocol, with standardised quality control and central statistical analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 21 population-based registries in seven US states and nine European countries provided data for random samples comprising 12 523 adults (15-99 years) diagnosed with colorectal cancer during 1996-1998. OUTCOME MEASURES: Logistic regression models were used to compare adherence to 'standard care' in the USA and Europe. Net survival and excess risk of death were estimated with flexible parametric models. RESULTS: The proportion of Dukes' A and B tumours was similar in the USA and Europe, while that of Dukes' C was more frequent in the USA (38% vs 21%) and of Dukes' D more frequent in Europe (22% vs 10%). Resection with curative intent was more frequent in the USA (85% vs 75%). Elderly patients (75-99 years) were 70-90% less likely to receive radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Age-standardised 5-year net survival was similar in the USA (58%) and Northern and Western Europe (54-56%) and lowest in Eastern Europe (42%). The mean excess hazard up to 5 years after diagnosis was highest in Eastern Europe, especially among elderly patients and those with Dukes' D tumours. CONCLUSIONS: The wide differences in colorectal cancer survival between Europe and the USA in the late 1990s are probably attributable to earlier stage and more extensive use of surgery and adjuvant treatment in the USA. Elderly patients with colorectal cancer received surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy less often than younger patients, despite evidence that they could also have benefited