Fractional Statistics in terms of the r-Generalized Fibonacci Sequences

We develop the basis of the two dimensional generalized quantum statistical systems by using results on $r$-generalized Fibonacci sequences. According to the spin value $s$ of the 2d-quasiparticles, we distinguish four classes of quantum statistical systems indexed by $s=0,1/2:mod(1)$, $s=1/M:mod(1)$, $s=n/M:mod(1)$ and $0\leq s\leq 1:mod(1)$. For quantum gases of quasiparticles with $s=1/M:mod(1)$, $M\geq 2,$, we show that the statistical weights densities $\rho_M$ are given by the integer hierarchies of Fibonacci sequences. This is a remarkable result which envelopes naturally the Fermi and Bose statistics and may be thought of as an alternative way to the Haldane interpolating statistical method.Comment: Late

On tower impedances for transient analysis

The analysis of the dynamic behavior of power transmission line and telecommunication towers is of interest in protection and EMC studies related to lightning. Usually, time-domain surge impedance is used to characterize tower dynamic behavior. The main drawback in the definition of such surge impedance is that it is dependent on the excitation waveshape and there is no consensus on the current waveshape to be used. Also, there is no consensus on the unique definition of the involved voltage. This paper explores possibilities for a systematized approach to the analysis and uniquely defined quantities that characterize transient response of towers. Further, limitations associated with simplified approaches are emphasized by examining examples of direct comparison between computations based on transmission-line approach and antenna theory for a 100-m tall tower. It is pointed out that problems in the definition of voltages might occur above 100 kHz, especially near resonant frequencies, while differences in current distribution exist already at the lowest frequencie

Mycorrhizal fungi as natural bio-fertilizers: How to produce and use

This technical handbook provides an easy to follow guide describing the process on how to produce home-made mycorrhizal inoculants using different types of propagation units and how inoculants can be applied as bio-fertilizers in the nursery and during field transplantation for improving the growth and stress tolerance of crop plants

Challenges of Water Management towards Socio-Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper examines the challenges of water management towards Socio-economic development in sub-Saharan Africa. The specific objectives of the paper are to 1) review challenges associated with water management in Sub-Saharan Africa; and 2) indicate that water provision and management is a factor in socio-economic development of the region. The methodological approach for the paper is literature review. Water is a fundamental need for all humans, as well as all other living beings. Amongst other things, water provision and management is considered important for socio-economic growth and development as well as poverty alleviation. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as one of the vehicles that can be used to promote socio-economic development were put together as a “global anti-poverty push”. Attainment of the MDGs also needs effective water management and provision. By agreeing on the MDGs the world promised to reduce the number of people who do not have access to safe drinking water by half by 2015. The findings of the paper from the literature review indicate that many parts of the world are seemingly on their way to meeting the MDG water provision and management target, with the exception of most countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The situation is worse in rural areas where only about 50%, compared to 80% of people in urban areas, have access to safe drinking water. It is expected that by 2015 at least 48 countries will be facing water shortages. About 22 of those countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa, indicating the need to keep water management as a priority in this region. This paper provides an overview of factors and/or challenges that impact on the management and delivery of water in sub-Saharan Africa as well as recommendations on improving the provision of water. Therefore, the paper demonstrates that water management remains a challenge and should be put on all agenda that are geared towards socio-economic development. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p139

Examination of Challenges Faced by Youth-Owned Small Medium Micro Enterprises in Limpopo Province of South Africa

There is universal consensus that countries, South Africa included, need to develop and support more small business owners, especially youth, to grow the economy and create more jobs. The South African government have put measures in place for support and development of youth-owned small businesses. Accordingly, it becomes essential to assess if these measures are achieving their objectives. The overall purpose of this paper is to assess the status of youth-owned small businesses in Limpopo Province of South Africa as well as challenges faced by these businesses. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. The results indicated that the challenges youth face include a combination of lack of skills, finance, business supportive infrastructure and/or technology. Most of the youth were also not aware of the training and support programmes and policies offered by government and its parastatals. Furthermore, those who were aware still did not utilise the government support programmes. There was very little growth in their businesses over time, implying that theses youth-owned small businesses contributed little towards creating employment opportunities and developing and/or boosting the economy in their area. The paper recommended education and training; encouraging partnerships and joint ventures as well as help in accessing finance. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n27p125

Determination of Lightning Currents from Far Electromagnetic Fields: Effect of a Strike Object

We discuss in this paper the influence of the presence of an elevated strike object on the peak of the lightning return stroke current determined from remote field measurements. We develop analytical expressions relating the lightning return stroke channel-base current and the far electromagnetic field for different specific cases, namely, (1) ground-initiated return strokes (classical transmission line (TL) model), (2) ground-initiated return strokes including possible reflections at ground level, (3) tall strike objects for which the current's zero-to-peak time is smaller than the travel time along the object, and (4) electrically short strike objects. It is shown that for tall structures, the field enhancement relative to a return stroke initiated at ground level is expressed through a factor equal to ktall = [1 + c / v (1 - 2 ρt)] / (1 - ρt), where v and c are the return stroke front speed and the speed of light in vacuum, respectively, and ρt is the top reflection coefficient. For very short towers and/or very slow return stroke current wavefronts, when the condition tf very much greater than h / c applies, expressions relating the far electromagnetic field and the return stroke current were also derived. For case (2), return strokes initiated at ground level, the field enhancement relative to a return stroke initiated at ground level, case (1), is expressed through a factor equal to kshort = (1 + (c / v) ρch - g) / (1 + ρch - g), where ρch-g represents the reflection coefficient between the lightning channel and the grounding impedance