Self-induced seismicity due to fluid circulation along faults

International audienceIn this article, we develop a system of equations describing fluid migration, fault rheology, fault thickness evolution and shear rupture during a seismic cycle, triggered either by tectonic loading or by fluid injection. Assuming that the phenomena predominantly take place on a single fault described as a finite permeable zone of variable width, we are able to project the equations within the volumetric fault core onto the 2D fault interface. From the basis of this "fault lubrication approximation", we simulate the evolution of seismicity when fluid is injected at one point along the fault to model induced seismicity during an injection test in a borehole that intercepts the fault. We perform several parametric studies to understand the basic behaviour of the system. Fluid transmissivity and fault rheology are key elements. The simulated seismicity generally tends to rapidly evolve after triggering, independently of the injection history and end when the stationary path of fluid flow is established at the outer boundary of the model. This self-induced seismicity takes place in the case where shear rupturing on a planar fault becomes dominant over the fluid migration process. On the contrary, if healing processes take place, so that the fluid mass is trapped along the fault, rupturing occurs continuously during the injection period. Seismicity and fluid migration are strongly influenced by the injection rate and the heterogeneity

3D Groundwater flow model at the Upper Rhine Graben scale to delineate preferential target areas for geothermal projects

International audienceAny deep unconventional geothermal project remains risky because of the uncertainty regarding the presence of the geothermal resource at depth and the drilling costs increasing accordingly. That's why this resource must be located as precisely as possible to increase the chances of successful projects and their economic viability. To minimize the risk, as much information as possible should be gathered prior to any drilling. Usually, the position of the exploration wells of geothermal energy systems is chosen based on structural geology observations, geophysics measurements and geochemical analyses. Confronting these observations to results from additional disciplines should bring more objectivity in locating the region to explore and where to implant the geothermal system. The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) is a tectonically active rift system that corresponds to one branch of the European Cenozoic Rift System where the basin hosts a significant potential for geothermal energy. The large fault network inherited from a complex tectonic history and settled under the sedimentary deposits hosts fluid circulation patterns. Geothermal anomalies are strongly influenced by fluid circulations within permeable structures such as fault zones. In order to better predict the location of the geothermal resource, it is necessary to understand how it is influenced by heat transport mechanisms such as groundwater flow. The understanding of fluid circulation in hot fractured media at large scale can help in the identification of preferential zones at a finer scale where additional exploration can be carried out. Numerical simulations is a useful tool to deal with the issue of fluid circulations through large fault networks that enable the uplift of deep and hot fluids. Therefore, we build a numerical model to study groundwater flow at the URG scale (150 x 130km), which aims to delineate preferential zones. The numerical model is based on a hybrid method using a Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) and 3D elements to simulate groundwater flow in the 3D regional fault network and in sedimentary deposits, respectively. Firstly, the geometry of the 3D fracture network and its hydraulic connections with 3D elements (sedimentary cover) is built in accordance with the tectonic history and based on geological and geophysical evidences. Secondly, data from previous studies and site-specific geological knowledge provide information on the fault zones family sets and on respective hydraulic properties. Then, from the simulated 3D groundwater flow model and based on a particle tracking methodology, groundwater flow paths are constructed. The regional groundwater flow paths results are extracted and analysed to delineate preferential zones to explore at finer scale and so to define the potential positions of the exploration wells. This work is conducted in the framework of the IMAGE project (Integrated Methods for Advanced Geothermal Exploration, grant agreement No. 608553), which aims to develop new methods for better siting of exploitation wells

Adapted numerical modelling strategy developed to support EGS deployment.

International audienceThe exploitation of Enhanced/Engineered Geothermal Systems (EGS), for electricity and/or heat production, is a promising way to increase the amount of renewable energies contribution in the energetic mix in Europe. In regard to the required production characteristics (production temperature and flowrate) for the economical viability of EGS, the favourable targeted geological systems are deep and fractured. In order to reduce the risks and the prohibitive costs linked to the depth of such geothermal systems, numerical modelling is a useful tool to understand such deep fractured systems and to help in the construction and in the management of the deep infrastructures (wells architecture, stimulation of wells, implementation of adapted network of wells). Nevertheless, this forces to a change of paradigm in comparison to « classical » reservoir modelling based on mechanics of continuum media. Indeed 3D Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) approach looks fairly adapted to catch the mechanical and hydraulic phenomena in the fractured rock mass around wells and to understand the global systems in the network of wells. The conceptualisation of the fractured rock mass is a crucial step for such DFN models not only for the geometry but also to constrain the constitutive behaviour of singularities (fault zones, fractures etc.), depending on the tectonic context. We present some results illustrating how DFNs can be used to study the EGS behaviour at several scales

Les fondations au rocher de grands viaducs : l'apport de la méthode des éléments distincts

The rock foundation design is not as well known as the soil foundation design. It has not been such a problem until today, as the foundation design was limited by the strength of concrete more than rock mass. But larger and larger structures are being built, that appoint for more investigations in this field of rock mechanics. The first part of this work includes a catalogue of the different methods adapted to determine the deformability and resistance of a rock mass. It also presents the methods to design rock foundations. It eventually analyses the French designing norms and standards and the ones of the English-speaking countries. It turns out that few rock foundation design methods exist, which take into account the rock mass joints. The case of foundations submitted to lateral loads and to overturning moments is not thoroughly studied. The second part consists of the numerical analysis of rock foundations with the distinct element code UDEC on a flat surface or on a slope. The results show that the rock joints influence greatly the behavior of deep foundations under inclined loads. According to their dip, the joints may diminish considerably the limit lateral load. Some analytical models with few blocks are then proposed, in order to estimate - for a preliminary design - the limit lateral failure load of a pier foundation. The numerical results obtained are two dimensional, the three dimensional results can be estimated by 2D/3D transposition factors. It would be interesting to verify these factors with a three dimensional distinct element code. The results of the numerical modelization should be checked on a real test site.A l'opposé du dimensionnement de fondations d'ouvrages sur les sols, régi par des règles de calcul validées, le dimensionnement de fondations au rocher est mal maîtrisé. Jusqu'à présent, ceci n'a pas posé de problème majeur, car le dimensionnement de fondations se trouvait plutôt limité par la résistance du béton que par celle du massif rocheux. Mais la construction d'ouvrages d'art de plus en plus majestueux nécessite aujourd'hui une meilleure connaissance de ce domaine de la mécanique des roches. La première partie recense les méthodes les mieux adaptées pour déterminer la déformabilité et la résistance d'un massif rocheux. Elle présente les différentes méthodes de dimensionnement de fondations superficielle et semi-profonde au rocher. Enfin, elle analyse les textes réglementaires français et étrangers. Il existe peu de méthodes de dimensionnement de fondations qui tiennent compte du caractère discontinu des massifs rocheux ; le cas de fondations soumises à des efforts latéraux et à des moments renversants n'est quasiment pas traité. La deuxième partie consiste en l'analyse numérique du comportement de fondations superficielle et semi-profonde sur massif rocheux à l'aide du code de calcul par éléments distincts UDEC. Les résultats montrent que les discontinuités du massif rocheux ont un rôle primordial sur le comportement sous effort incliné de fondations semi-profondes. Selon leur pendage, les discontinuités peuvent diminuer considérablement la charge limite admissible. Quelques modèles analytiques simples à peu de blocs sont ensuite proposés, afin d'estimer - pour un dimensionnement préliminaire - la charge limite de rupture d'un puits marocain sous effort latéral. Les résultats numériques obtenus sont bidimensionnels; les résultats tridimensionnels peuvent être estimés à l'aide de coefficients de transfert 2D/3D, qu'il serait intéressant de vérifier à l'aide d'un code de calcul par éléments distincts tridimensionnel. Enfin, il serait nécessaire de valider les résultats de modélisation numérique sur un site réel

Innovative Methodology to Compute the Temperature Evolution of Pile Heat Exchangers

International audienceEnergy geostructures such as heat exchanger piles couple the structural role of geostructures with heat and cold supply via shallow geothermal energy. This combination makes it possible to cut down the investment costs of ground heat exchangers (GHE). Thermal dynamic simulations require numerical models of pile heat exchangers to run over a reasonable amount of time. In this perspective semi-analytical models seem interesting. The paper presents an approach to semi-analytical modeling of pile heat exchangers. This approach relies on three elements: First, correlations are established to describe the evolution of wall pipe temperature under constant heat load in presence of underground water flow. These correlations take into account the underground water flow in the vicinity of the pile, allowing the computation of the temperature evolution over both the short and long terms. Second, a resistive-capacitive (RC) circuit is developed to account for the thermal inertia of the pile concrete without having to mesh its geometry. Third, the RC circuit is combined to a heat balance over the heat carrier fluid and to correlations to compute temperature evolution in the fluid. Predictions of this semi-analytical model are compared with those of a fully-discretized finite elements model. A good agreement between both models is reached. Acquisition of in-situ data is foreseen to validate both models

Eléments de réflexion sur le comportement mécanique des zones de faille dans un modèle 3D DEM pour la stimulation hydraulique des puits dans les réservoirs géothermiques

International audienceL'étude présentée ici vise à étudier l'influence, lors de stimulation hydraulique de puits dans les réservoirs géothermiques de type Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS), du comportement mécanique des zones de failles recoupant le puits sur la réponse hydraulique du réseau de fractures 3D. Dans ce but, un modèle 3D, basé sur la méthode des éléments distincts et dans lequel les zones de failles recoupant le puits sont modélisées par des fractures numériques 2D, est mis en oeuvre. Les modélisations présentées ici visent à caractériser l'influence du comportement mécanique (type de comportement, hétérogénéité) sur la cinétique de la stimulation hydraulique, ainsi que sur son effet spatial autour du puits

Study of Thermo-Mechanical Damage around Deep Geothermal Wells: from the Micro-Processes to Macroscopic Effects in the Near Well

International audienceThe different processes involved in the life of a geothermal well, from drilling to exploitation, can damage the rock mass in the near well area. In this paper, we propose to study the potential damage linked to the mechanical and thermo-mechanical effects of the well drilling, the well development and the well exploitation. The cooling of the rock mass of the near well pre-damaged by drilling process is a complex phenomenon with the superimposition of different kind of loadings at different scale that lead us to use modeling with a micro-macro approach. To confront the results of the modeling with the reality, we propose to base our study on real cases. For studying mechanical and thermo-mechanical loadings due to drilling and development of the well, we focus our study on the granitic reservoir exploited in the framework of the enhanced geothermal system (EGS) of Soultz-sous-Forêts (France). The study of the thermo-mechanical loading due to well exploitation is performed for a sandstone in the conventional heat exploitation of Melleray (Loiret, France). These simulations highlight the thermo-mechanical damage of a geothermal well linked to the different steps of its life

Locating Geothermal Resources: Insights from 3D Stress and Flow Models at the Upper Rhine Graben Scale

To be exploited, geothermal resources require heat, fluid, and permeability. These favourable geothermal conditions are strongly linked to the specific geodynamic context and the main physical transport processes, notably stresses and fluid circulations, which impact heat-driving processes. The physical conditions favouring the setup of geothermal resources can be searched for in predictive models, thus giving estimates on the so-called “favourable areas.” Numerical models could allow an integrated evaluation of the physical processes with adapted time and space scales and considering 3D effects. Supported by geological, geophysical, and geochemical exploration methods, they constitute a useful tool to shed light on the dynamic context of the geothermal resource setup and may provide answers to the challenging task of geothermal exploration. The Upper Rhine Graben (URG) is a data-rich geothermal system where deep fluid circulations occurring in the regional fault network are the probable origin of local thermal anomalies. Here, we present a current overview of our team’s efforts to integrate the impacts of the key physics as well as key factors controlling the geothermal anomalies in a fault-controlled geological setting in 3D physically consistent models at the regional scale. The study relies on the building of the first 3D numerical flow (using the discrete-continuum method) and mechanical models (using the distinct element method) at the URG scale. First, the key role of the regional fault network is taken into account using a discrete numerical approach. The geometry building is focused on the conceptualization of the 3D fault zone network based on structural interpretation and generic geological concepts and is consistent with the geological knowledge. This DFN (discrete fracture network) model is declined in two separate models (3D flow and stress) at the URG scale. Then, based on the main characteristics of the geothermal anomalies and the link with the physics considered, criteria are identified that enable the elaboration of indicators to use the results of the simulation and identify geothermally favourable areas. Then, considering the strong link between the stress, fluid flow, and geothermal resources, a cross-analysis of the results is realized to delineate favourable areas for geothermal resources. The results are compared with the existing thermal data at the URG scale and compared with knowledge gained through numerous studies. The good agreement between the delineated favourable areas and the locations of local thermal anomalies (especially the main one close to Soultz-sous-Forêts) demonstrates the key role of the regional fault network as well as stress and fluid flow on the setup of geothermal resources. Moreover, the very encouraging results underline the potential of the first 3D flow and 3D stress models at the URG scale to locate geothermal resources and offer new research opportunities

D4.6 Important physical processes and modelling schemes of induces microseismicity

This report contains a Synopsis and Two papers: Coupled continuum modelling of fracture reactivation and induced seismicity during ehnanced geothermal operation, by Wassing, van Wees and Fokker, draft version submitted to Geothermics Self-induced seismicity due to fluid circulation, by Aochi, Poisson, Trusiani, Rachez, and Schmittbul, draft version submitted to Geophysical Journal International. In the synopsis it is clarified that the main aim of the study is to understand the geomechanical causes and processes of induced seismicity in various contexts and at various scales