Early Protestant Spirituality

The many aspects of the early Protestant spirituality (during the sixteenth century) make it difficult to present a systematic bibliography for that period. Interest in the early protestant spirituality has considerably increased among scholars during the last decades. We must therefore proceed to a severe selection. Only studies that deal with the most significant topics will be included. No breakdown of the material can be completely satisfactory. As the main point, however, is to give as clear a picture as possible, one must distinguish in sixteenth century protestant spirituality the following character: biblical, Christocentric, ecclesiastical. Subdivisions of the subject matter in each period will necessarily overlap. But we will reduce this to a minimum.Wiele aspektów wczesnej duchowości protestanckiej (mamy na uwadze szczególnie XVI stulecie) utrudnia usystematyzowanie jej w kontekście narastającej tendencji analizy tego okresu. Zainteresowanie wczesną duchowością protestancką znacznie wzrosło wśród badaczy w ciągu ostatnich dziesięcioleci. Konieczna stała się więc selekcja wyników badań. Uwzględnione zostały tylko te, które dotyczą najważniejszych jej wątków i tematów. Zasadniczym celem tego opracowania stało się przedstawienie możliwie jak najbardziej klarownego jej obrazu. Mając to na uwadze, w szesnastowiecznej duchowości protestanckiej wyróżniliśmy następujące rysy: biblijny, chrystocentryczny oraz kościelno-wspólnotowy. W różnych okresach wyróżnione rysy będą się na siebie nakładać. Dlatego zredukowano je do minimum

Ekoteologia w służbie religii i nauki

The aim of the text is to assess the ecumenical potential of various contemporary approaches to ecotheology, which try to take into account the achievements of natural and social sciences. It outlines the effects of the ecumenical interest of the Churches in ecology, understood as a certain style of thinking and acting, taking into account the good of the natural environment. The results of ecological interest in the Churches are discussed by numerous authors. For example, two complementary concepts from Western and Eastern Christianity are presented: Thomas Berry's Interdisciplinary Ecotheology and John Zizioulas' Ethically Oriented Ecotheology.    Celem tekstu jest ocena potencjału ekumenicznego różnych współczesnych ujęć ekoteologii, które próbują uwzględniać osiągnięcia nauk przyrodniczych i społecznych. Zarysowano efekty ekumenicznego zainteresowania Kościołów ekologią, rozumianą jako pewien styl myślenia i działania, uwzględniający dobro środowiska naturalnego. Dla przykładu przedstawiono dwie komplementarne koncepcje pochodzące ze środowiska zachodniego i wschodniego chrześcijaństwa: interdyscyplinarna ekoteologia Thomasa Berry oraz etycznie zorientowana ekoteologia wg Johna Zizioulasa

Kryzys migracyjny w Europie – mity i rzeczywistość

The refugee/immigration movement to EU countries - whether legal or illegal - is a fact that cannot be ignored. Of the approximately 512.4 million inhabitants of the EU, approximately 22.3 million (approximately 4.4%) are nationals of non-EU countries (data 2019, Eurostat). The assessment of this growing problem in Europe has been dominated by a number of negative concerns, which are not always objectively justified. In the press release as well as in the discourse of many right-wing circles of the EU, a wide wave of emigration/refugees is associated with terrorism, increasing crime, fear of unemployment and demographic domination. Fears of Islamisation of the continent and epidemiological threats are also articulated. However, in an objective assessment of this phenomenon, it is worth noting that it also entails a number of benefits. These include: filling gaps in the labour market of the host country (both in highly qualified professions and in simple jobs); positive impact on unfavourable demographic changes taking place in the EU. Refugees bring with them a fresh perspective - new ideas and methods that can stimulate creativity and innovation. There are also economic benefits for countries of origin where poverty is reduced through remittances and investments by emigrants/refugees. This process also has a positive socio-cultural impact. The exchange of people and ideas can be inspiring and foster the emergence of more tolerant environments. For this to happen, newcomers need to integrate. This process should start in the transitory refugee camps

The Effect of Clamping Pressure and Orthotropic Wood Structure on Strength of Glued Bonds

Reference values for compression strength perpendicular to the grain were determined for radial and tangential sections of samples of sugar maple and ponderosa pine. Samples to be glued were matched according to specific gravity and orthotropic structure and bonded along the grain in tangential or radial sections. Magnitude of clamp pressure was controlled throughout a range of pressures commonly applied in industry, up to about 80% of the compression strength of the wood sample. Tests were conducted on the bonded samples to determine glueline shear strength and percent of wood failure at the bonded surfaces. Results were subjected to regression analysis to ascertain relationships. It was determined that clamping pressure had a different effect on both shear strength and percent of wood failure depending on species and orthotropic section. It is possible to maximize joint strength by applying proper clamping pressure. Results similar in direction but differing in magnitude were obtained with both PVAc and U-F adhesives. A generalized measure of clamping pressure was defined as the ratio of applied clamping pressure to the compression strength (CP/CS) of the wood section to be glued. Using this concept, the optimum clamping pressure for sugar maple was found to be 0.3 times compression strength using U-F glue and 0.5 times using PVAc glue. This approach to determining reliable clamping pressure data can lead to improved gluing practice and more precise testing procedures

Na górskich pastwiskach La Salette. 170 rocznica objawień Najświętszej Maryi Panny

The paper mentioned the time (twenty years ago) when the Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini (deceased August 31, 2012) gave a retirement in La Salette (at the time of the Italian natio- nal pilgrimage for the 150th anniversary of the Apparition of the Virgin Mary). At that time, it delivered a meditation on “the mystery of the suffering”. Since 170 years the words of Marie, by their simplicity and their rigour, keep a real topicality, in a world which always undergoes. The Sanctuary of Notre-Dame in La Salette, located in the Grenoble-Alps at 1787 m of altitude, accompanies the people by God, in the beautiful place. Already in May 1852 the bishop of Grenoble announced to diocesans the foundation of a large sanctuary comprising a church, the pilgrimage home, and the constitution of a special priest congre- gation for the service of the pilgrims. In the continuation the Missionaries of Notre-Dame of La Salette will exceed the limits of the diocese of Grenoble and the Hexagon for Norway, then Madagascar. The laws of the Republic anticlerical oblige them to emigrate towards the U.S.A., Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Poland. Some of these establishments of the end of the 19th century will become the founders of new provinces. They are today about 920, present in twenty countries. Similarly, the Sisters Missionaries of Notre-Dame of La Sal- ette, founded by the P. Crozet, and set up by the bishop of Soissons in its diocese in 1930. Today, they are 200 members in 9 countries (France, Brazil, Madagascar, Philippines, USA, Poland, Angola, Myanmar, Italy) – for any work of female apostolate.W tekście przypomniano wydarzenie sprzed dwudziestu lat temu, kiedy kardynał Carlo Maria Martini (zmarły 31 sierpnia 2012 r.) głosił rekolekcje w La Salette (w czasie włoskiej, narodowej pielgrzymki, w 150. rocznicę objawień Najświętszej Maryi Panny. Dokumentuje to wydana wkrótce książka Maria cierpi nadal. Tajemnica cierpienia jest wpisana w objawienie saletyńskie. Od 170 lat słowa Matki Bożej, przez ich prostotę i konkretność, zachowają aktualność. Sanktuarium Notre-Dame w La Salette, znajdujące się w Alpach niedaleko Grenoble, na wysokości 1787 m n.p.m., wskazuje ludziom drogę do Boga. W tym pięknym miejscu wielu odnajduje swoją drogę pojednania. Już w maju 1852 roku bp Grenoble zapowiedział swoim diecezjanom utworzenie zgromadzenia zakonnego – Misjonarzy Notre Dame de La Salette – służące pielgrzymom przybywającym do sanktuarium. Wkrótce zbudowano Kościół, późniejszą bazylikę i dom pielgrzyma pozwalający przyjąć rzesze pielgrzymów. W wyniku antyklerykalnego prawa Republiki, Misjonarze zostali zmuszeni do emigracji do USA, Włoch, Belgii, Szwajcarii i Polski. Wskutek tej ekspansji w wielu krajach powstały do końca XIX w. nowe prowincje. Obecnie zgromadzenie liczy około 920 osób, pracujących w dwudziestu krajach. Podobnie Siostry Misjonarki z Notre-Dame w La Salette, założone przez P. Crozet, zostały zaaprobowane przez biskupa Soissons w jego diecezji w 1930 roku. Obecnie siostry liczą około 200 członkiń pracujących w 9 krajach (Francja, Brazylia, Madagaskar, Filipiny, USA, Polska, Angola, Birma, Włochy)

The financing of health care in insurance systems and the sustainability of public finances

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to examine the relationship between the organisation of the state (determined by selected characteristics, i.e. the organisational structure model and the position of the SNG sector) and the organisation of the health care system, and an indication of the possible consequences for the sustainability of public finance. Research method – The author uses a method of descriptive analysis and the analysis of statistical data on health care expenditure in 12 EU Member States with an insurance model of health care. The quantitative analysis was based on the latest available statistical data (2017) from the OECD, the WHO and Eurostat databases (according to ICHA and SHA2011). Results – It was concluded that despite the legal separation and theoretical independence from the budget system, the insurance model of health care may pose a threat to the sustainability of public finance. This applies both to the state budget and the SNG sector, which is particularly vulnerable in countries where the decentralisation of public services is not accompanied by an appropriate design of the financing system. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – This paper discusses the problem of the compatibility of the health care system and state organisation, omitted in literature, including the position of the SNG sector, in the context of fiscal [email protected] of Economics and Finance, University of RzeszówAlińska A., Filipiak B.Z., Kosztowniak A., 2018, The Importance of the Public Sector in Sustainable Development in Poland, “Sustainability”, vol. 10(9), 3278, DOI: 10.3390/su10093278.Bromber P., Hady J., Lachowska H., Leśniowska-Gontarz M., Szaban D., Ślusarczyk B., Zdanowska J., 2020, System ochrony zdrowia w Polsce, CeDeWu, Warszawa.Dercz M., Izdebski H., Rek T., 2013, Prawo publiczne ochrony zdrowia, Wolters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa.Europejska Karta Samorządu Lokalnego z 15 października 1985 r., Dz. U. 1994, Nr 155, poz. 154 z późn. zm.Federalizm fiskalny w teorii i praktyce, 2009, Piotrowska-Marczak K. (red.), Difin, Warszawa.Golinowska S., Tambor M., 2014, Źródła finansowania opieki zdrowotnej, „Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie”, nr 12(3), s. 205-217, DOI:10.4467/20842627OZ.14. 022.3440.IFAC, 2020, International Public Sector Accounting Standards. RPG 1 – Reporting on the Long-Term Sustainability of an Entity’s Finances, New York, https://www.ipsasb. org/publications/2019-handbook-international-public-sector-accounting-prono-uncements [date of entry: 02.03.2020].Kutzin J., Witter S., Jowett M., Bayarsaikhan D., 2017, Developing a national health financing strategy: a reference guide, Health Financing Guidance Series No 3, World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/health-finan-cing-strategy/en/ [date of entry: 08.03.2020].Lenio P., 2018, Publicznoprawne źródła finansowania ochrony zdrowia, Wolters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa.Leowski J., 2018, Polityka zdrowotna a zdrowie publiczne, CeDeWu, Warszawa.OECD, 2019, Key Data on Local and Regional Governments in the European Union (broc-hure), OECD, Paris, www.oecd.org/regional/regional-policy [date of entry: 03.03. 2020].OECD, Eurostat, WHO, 2017, A System of Health Accounts 2011. Revised edition, OECD Publishing, Paris, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264270985-en [date of entry: 01.02.2017].OECD, WHO, 2019, State of Health in the EU. Country Health Profile, https://ec.europa.eu/health/state/country_profiles_en [date of entry: 03.03.2020].OECD/UCLG, 2016, Subnational Governments around the world. Structure and finance, OECD, http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/sngs-around-the-world.htm [date of entry: 03.02.2020].Organizacyjne i prawne aspekty systemów ochrony zdrowia wybranych państw, 2019, Urbaniak M. (red.), Difin, Warszawa.Ostrowska D., Warelis A., Sowa P., 2017, Ubezpieczenia zdrowotne w Polsce i na świecie, CeDeWu, Warszawa.Owsiak S., 2017, Finanse publiczne. Współczesne ujęcie, WN PWN, Warszawa.Patrzałek L., 2019, Wyzwania dla finansów jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce po 2020 r., „Samorząd Terytorialny”, nr 3, s. 5-14.Poniatowicz M., 2018, Koncepcja federalizmu fiskalnego w systemie finansów samorządu tery-torialnego, CeDeWu, Warszawa.Progress Consulting S.R.L. and Living Prospects Ltd., 2012, The management of health systems in the EU Member States – The role of local and regional authorities, EU, DOI: 10.2863/83500.Rabiej E., 2017, Transformacja systemu ochrony zdrowia w Polsce – w drodze do zrównoważo-nego rozwoju, „Studia Biura Analiz Sejmowych. Finansowanie zadań publicznych w Polsce”, nr 4(52), s. 121-142.Suchecka J., 2016, Ekonomia zdrowia i opieki zdrowotnej, Wolters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa.Sygit M., 2017, Zdrowie publiczne, Wolters Kluwer Polska, Warszawa.Thomson S., Foubister Th., Mossialos E., 2009, Financing health care in the European Union. Challenges and policy responses, World Health Organization, http://www. euro.who.int/en/about-us/partners/observatory/publications/studies/old-abst-racts /financing-health-care-in-the-european-union-challenges-and-policy-responses [date of entry: 08.03.2020].Wójtowicz K., 2019, Uwarunkowania i pomiar stabilności fiskalnej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin.www 1, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Health-care_expenditure_statistics#Healthcare_expenditure_by_financing_scheme [date of entry: 20.02.2020].www 2, http://apps.who.int/nha/database/Select/Indicators/en [date of entry: 08.03.2020].4(102)273

Ekumeniczny wymiar mariologii

The paper analyzes contemporary trends in mariology. It briefly outlines the assumptions of the maximalist (christotypic) and minimalist (ecclesiotypic) mariology. By suggesting their complementarity the ecumenical model of mariology is proposed. His basis is systematically developed in many bilateral groups, e.g.: The Ecumenical Society of the Blessed Virgin Mary in England, The Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission – ARCIC, The Lutheran-Catholic Commission in the USA and Germany, The Group of Dombes. Echoes of these arrangements have been reflected in the content of catechisms developed by local churches, e.g. in the Netherlands, Germany and France