The eventuality of property rights on economic growth in developing countries

One of the most important Factors for economic growth in each society is protecting property rights which can present Freedom, Safety and Justice that can lead to economic growth. For this purpose I tried to not only define the property rights but also accumulation of physical and human capital and also on economic growth. This study uses Dincer's (2007) model who suggests neoclassical growth model proposed by Mankiu et al. (1992) to analyze the effects of the property rights protection on the levels of economic performance. This study consists of 19 developing countries. The collected data covers the period from 2000-2010. It also predicts that protecting property rights has a positive effect on the accumulation of physical and human capital and economic growth

The eventuality of property rights on economic growth in developing countries

One of the most important Factors for economic growth in each society is protecting property rights which can present Freedom, Safety and Justice that can lead to economic growth. For this purpose I tried to not only define the property rights but also accumulation of physical and human capital and also on economic growth. This study uses Dincer's (2007) model who suggests neoclassical growth model proposed by Mankiu et al. (1992) to analyze the effects of the property rights protection on the levels of economic performance. This study consists of 19 developing countries. The collected data covers the period from 2000-2010. It also predicts that protecting property rights has a positive effect on the accumulation of physical and human capital and economic growth

The eventuality of property rights on economic growth in developing countries

One of the most important Factors for economic growth in each society is protecting property rights which can present Freedom, Safety and Justice that can lead to economic growth. For this purpose I tried to not only define the property rights but also accumulation of physical and human capital and also on economic growth. This study uses Dincer's (2007) model who suggests neoclassical growth model proposed by Mankiu et al. (1992) to analyze the effects of the property rights protection on the levels of economic performance. This study consists of 19 developing countries. The collected data covers the period from 2000-2010. It also predicts that protecting property rights has a positive effect on the accumulation of physical and human capital and economic growth

Identification of QTLs for Yield Related Traits in Indica Type Rice Using SSR and AFLP Markers

This research was carried out to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling yield and yield components in rice using 196 F2:4 lines derived from a cross between two rice varieties of indica, Sepidrood and Gharib. Quantitative trait loci analysis using composite interval mapping was carried out by 105 SSR and 111 AFLP markers. Results showed that 8 chromosomes contain 28 regions (QTLs) controlling 11 studied traits. One QTL was mapped for the number of spikelet per panicle on chromosome 12, three QTLs for number of filled grains per panicle on chromosomes 1, 6 and 11, three QTLs for empty spikelets per panicle on chromosomes 2, 3 and 12, five QTLs for plant height on chromosomes 1, 7 (2 QTLs), eight and 11, four QTLs for days to 50% flowering on chromosomes 2, 3 (2 QTLs) and 6, one QTL for panicle length on chromosome 1, two QTLs for 1000 grain weight on chromosomes 1 and 2, three QTLs for number of panicles per plant on chromosomes 1, 3 and 6, one QTL for grain yield on chromosome 3, four QTLs for days to maturity on chromosomes 2, 3 (2 QTLs) and 6 and one QTL for fertility percentage on chromosome 11. The identified QTLs on specific chromosome regions explaining high phenotypic variance can be considered for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs

Physiological and Fluorescence Reaction of Four Rice Genotypes to Exogenous Application of IAA and Kinetin under Drought Stress

To assess the effects of IAA and Kinetin plant growth regulators in order to improve the drought tolerance in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.), a factorial experiment was carried out based on complete randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors included different rice genotypes [‘Gharib’, ‘Khazar’, ‘Sepidrood’ and ‘IR83750 -131-1’ (‘IR83750’ )], drought stress from 1 to 4 code of the Vergara coding system and control (normal irrigation) and growth regulators in three levels (IAA and Kinetin through foliar spraying and non-application as control). The results indicated, under normal irrigation condition together with IAA application, ‘IR83750’ rice had the highest number of tillers and leaf greenness, with mean of 18.27 and 49.46, respectively. The highest amount of leaf relative water content) 95.11 percent) was related to ‘Sepidrood’. Under drought stress condition, the highest electrolyte leakage (36.59 percent) was observed in ‘Gharib’. In drought condition, the highest leaf drying score was related to ‘Gharib’ in both years, but the highest score of leaf rolling index (9) was observed in ‘Gharib’ and ‘Khazar’. The present findings showed that drought stress had harmful effects in all examined genotypes and the impact in susceptible genotypes (‘Gharib’ and ‘Khazar’) was more than ‘IR83750’ and ‘Sepidrood’. Application of growth regulators (IAA and Kin) improved conditions for the growth of all genotypes. Therefore, using the tolerant genotypes along with growth regulators can improve the rice growth traits

Gender Differences in Obesogenic Behaviour, Socioeconomic and Metabolic Factors in a Population-based Sample of Iranians: The IHHP Study

This study investigated the gender differences in association of some behavioural and socioeconomic factors with obesity indices in a population-based sample of 12,514 Iranian adults. The mean body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were significantly higher in women than in men. Current and passive smoking had an inverse association with BMI among males whereas current smoking, transportation by a private car, and longer duration of watching television (TV) had a positive association with BMI among females. Current and passive smoking, cycling, and Global Dietary Index (GDI) had an inverse association with WC among males. Higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, current and passive smoking, duration of daily sleep, and GDI had an inverse association with WC among females. Using a private car for transportation had a significant positive association with WHR among both males and females. Living in an urban area, being married, and having a higher education level increased the odds ratio of obesity among both the genders. Non-manual work also increased this risk among males whereas watching TV and current smoking increased this risk among females. Such gender differences should be considered for culturally-appropriate interventional strategies to be implemented at the population level for tackling obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk factors

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity analysis of different rice cultivars by microsatellite markers

A total of 52 rice SSR markers well distributed on 12 chromosomes were used to characterize and assess the genetic diversity among ninety four rice genotypes. The total number of polymorphic alleles was 361 alleles with the average of 5.86 alleles per SSR locus. The study revealed that some markers such as RM276 and RM5642 on chromosome 6 and RM14 and RM1 on chromosome 1 have more than 9 observed alleles compared to other primers like RM16, RM207, RM208 and RM317 with 3-4 alleles. The highest and lowest PIC values were observed for primers RM276 (0.892 and RM208 (0.423) respectively. Using Shannon´s diversity index, a mean genetic diversity of 1.641 was obtained from the analysis, indicating a high level of genetic variation among these cultivars. Cluster analysis using the complete linkage method based on jaccard similarity coefficient revealed that all genotypes were classified to nine clusters at genetic similarity level of 0.010.75, which contained 12, 16, 2, 18, 3, 6, 16, 10 and 11 varieties, respectively. Results of discriminant analysis showed that the nine cluster groups were confirmed at high levels of correct percent (96.8) and revealed true differences among these clusters. As a final result from this study, we selected eight cultivars from different cluster including Daylamani, Tarom mohali (landrace rice cultivars), RI1843046, Back cross line, RI184472, RI184421 (promising cultivars), Line 23 and IR50 (IRRI lines) as parents. All of the selected cultivars will be arranged in complete diallel design to obtain combining abilities, gene effects and heterosis for each important morphology and physico-chemical characters

Combining ability and heritability of selected rice varieties for grain yield, its components and grain quality characters

This study was conducted to determine the combining ability and heritability of rice grain yield, its components and some grain quality traits such as amylose content (AC), gelatinization temperature (GT), gel consistency (GC) and head rice recovery (HRR). The study was commenced by crossing the selected rice varieties based on a full diallel mating design. The F1 was harvested at the end of the season. In the following season, the crossed, reciprocal and parental lines were planted in randomly complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance indicated that genotypes were significantly different for all traits. The diallel analysis by Griffing`s method showed highly significant differences for GCA for number of panicles per plant (PN), amylose content, gelatinization temperature and head rice recovery. Highly significant differences were also observed for both SCA and REC for all evaluated characters. The results showed that the grain yield (GY), number of filled grains (FGN), 100-grain weight (HGW) and GC were controlled by non-additive gene action, while the inheritance of PN, AC, GT and HRR were largely controlled by additive gene effects, although non- additive genetic components and reciprocal effect were also involved, which suggest that a selection process could be done in the early generations. The two improved lines (RI18442-1 and RI18430-46) were found to be good general combiners for GY and FGN, while the best combiners for PN was Tarom Mohali and IR50 and for HGW was RI18430-46. The best combinations for GY were RI18430-46 × IR50, Tarom Mohali × RI18447-2 and Daylamani × RI18430-46. The good hybrids were Tarom Mohali × IR50, Line23 × RI18447-2 and Line23 × Backcross line for AC. Narrow sense heritability showed that the GY and GC had the lowest values while the other traits had either moderate or high heritability, which indicates selection in the early generations could be done to fix the favorable genes. In present study, narrow sense heritability was high for AC and moderate for GT, PN and HRR

Genetic diversity of rice cultivars by microsatellite markers tightly linked to cooking and eating quality

Abstract Improving cooking and eating quality of rice is one of the important objectives of many breeding programs. The study of genetic diversity in specific regions of rice genome using molecular markers is an important index that can be used for the application of marker assisted selection (MAS) in rice breeding programs. In this study, 48 rice genotypes were grouped using 7 microsatellite (SSR) markers tightly linked to major QTLs controlling three major components of rice cooking and eating quality (i.e. amylose content, gelatinization temperature and gel consistency). The number of polymorphic alleles produced by each microsatellite marker ranged from 3 alleles at RM314 locus to 10 alleles at RM276 locus. The total number of polymorphic alleles was 41 alleles with the average of 5.86 alleles per SSR locus. Effective number of alleles varied from 2.68 to 5.25 alleles at RM314 and RM276, respectively, with an average of 3.74 alleles per locus. The average heterozygosity based on Nei's gene diversity was 0.72 indicating high genetic variation among the studied varieties. Cluster analysis with UPGMA method based on simple matching (SM) similarity coefficient divided the genotypes into four groups and separated the landrace cultivars with good cooking and eating quality (based on Iranian taste) from others. Cophenetic correlation coefficient between similarity matrix and cophentic matrix was 0.93 indicating that the used similarity coefficient and cluster analysis method were suitable to use the information derived from markers to group rice genotypes. Results of this research indicated that microsatellite markers linked to genes or QTLs controlling grain cooking and eating properties are suitable tools for marker assisted selection (MAS) to identify rice grain quality