Language and the Culture of Gender: Constructing Women Identities in Pakistani Society

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SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} The present study sets out to investigate gender as performative construct and its importance for feminists in general and especially for women in Pakistani society. Different ways of conceptualizing gender-difference along with various social, cultural and psychological dimensions have been explored. The study looks into the factors in which discursive language practices in various dimensions work to construct women identities. Subsequent parts of the study examine different reasons and mechanisms that can account for dichotomous speech patterns and asymmetries which exist between participants in social discourse. Moreover, the two-way function of language has been focused as on the one hand language reflects the social identity of women performed through the language itself, and the realities about the social position of women in Pakistan on the other.</p

Feminism, Language Choice and Discourse Practice: A Pakistani Perspective

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mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} The present study focuses on investigating the nature of linguistic choices made by Pakistani women in interpersonal discourse in the background of feminism. The relationship between attitudes, social backdrop and language was explored. It was hypothesized that the exploitation of linguistic choices in the spoken discourse  would correspond the explanations provided by Dominance approach about the difference in language use between men and women. For the purpose of the present study, we observed and analyzed thirteen groups of subjects (women), varied in number of subjects. All the participants were students of university level, approximately aged between18 to 25. Data were obtained by recording the conversation. The participants did not belong to any particular social class.The topics of their conversation were various, and ranged from personal and general to quite universal and emotional. Results indicate that the extensive uses of linguistic choices, significantly, support the feminist view of language use, and that there are certain distinctive features that characterize women language. For instance, there is a considerable correlation between the power structures in society and language use.</p

Frequency of Hyperlipedemia in Patients Coming with Ischemic Stroke in Tertiary Care Hospital Karachi

Background and objective: Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability. This study was designed to determine the frequency of hyperlipidemia in patients with ischemic stroke visiting at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. Methods:This was a descriptive cross-sectional study and was done in Department of Medicine, LCMD/ Dar-ul-Sehat Hospital Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 184 patients were studied during the study period of six months and all the consecutive patients were recruited who presented with acute stroke in the department of medicine from the duration April 1st 2022 to September 30th, 2022.Those fulfilling the inclusion criteria for this study were included for data analysis, while the patients who did not meet the said criteria were excluded. Their serum lipid levels were collected within 24 hours of admission. Hyperlipidemia was measured through fasting lipid profile and was labeled as present if any one or more of the following profile like total cholesterol \u3e200 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol \u3e 100 mg/dl, TGL \u3e 150 mg/dl, HDL cholesterol \u3c 40 mg/dl, as appropriate. Results:The mean age of the patients was 65.17±12.73. Average systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 152.34±21.31 & 83.35±13.71 mm Hg respectively. Mean duration of smoking and diabetes mellitus in first ever ischemic stroke patients was 9.33±4.03 & 13.65±5.8 years respectively, whereas average fasting blood sugar was found 151.98±69.73mg/dl; 118 (64%) were males and 66 (36%) were females. A total of 124 (67.4%) of patients had a history of hypertension, while 94 (51.1%) were diabetic. Fifty-three (28.8%) of patients had a history of coronary artery disease while 22 (11.95%) patients had history of smoking. Increased triglycerides level was seen in 47 (25. 5%). The frequency of hyperlipidemia was 145 (79%) patients respectively. Conclusion: Frequency of hyperlipidemia was 145 (79%) in patients with ischemic stroke which is moderately high in our setup. A high prevalence of hyperlipidemia is alarming in our setup and requires attention of the physicians on modifiable risk factors

Enteric coating of ibuprofen tablets (200 mg) using an aqueous dispersion system

Ibuprofen is a propionic acid derivative that belongs to the class NSAIDs. Major adverse reactions associated with Ibuprofen are related to GIT and include peptic and mucosal ulcers, dyspepsia, severe gastric pain and bleeding, that results in excessive treatment failure. The goal of this study was to develop enteric coated ibuprofen tablets in order to avoid gastric mucosal irritation, diffusion of drug across mucosal lining and to let active ingredient be absorbed easily in small intestine. The formulation was developed and manufactured through the direct compression process, the simplest, easiest and most economical method of manufacturing. Enteric coating was done using an Opadry white subcoating and an aqueous coating dispersion of Acryl-Eze. Enteric coated formulation was subjected to disintegration and dissolution tests by placing in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid for 2 h and then 1 h in phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.8. About 0.04% of drug was released in the acidic phase and 99.05% in the basic medium. These results reflect that ibuprofen can be successfully enteric coated in order to prevent its release in the stomach and facilitate rapid release of the drug in the duodenum, due to the presence of superdisintegrant. Formulating this enteric coated tablets could increase patient compliance by decreasing adverse drug reactions (ADR S) associated with Ibuprofen therapy.Ibuprofeno é um derivado do ácido propiônico, que pertence à classe dos fármacos não-esteróides (AINES). As principais reações adversas associadas com o ibuprofeno se referem àquelas do trato gastrintestinal (TGI), como úlceras pépticas e da mucosa, dispepsia, dor gástrica grave e sangramento, que resultam em muitas falhas de tratamento. O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver comprimidos revestidos de ibuprofeno que impeçam a irritação da mucosa gástrica, difusão do fármaco através da mucosa e permitam, facilmente, a absorção do princípio ativo do intestino delgado. A formulação foi desenvolvida e manufaturada por meio de processo de compressão direta, método mais simples e econômico de preparação. O revestimento entérico foi efetuado utilizando-se subrevestimento com Opadry branco e revestimento por dispersão aquosa de Acryl-Eze. A formulação de revestimento para liberação entérica foi submetida a testes de desintegração e de dissolução, em ácido clorídrico 0,1 M, por 2 h, e, então, a h, em tampão fosfato pH 6,8. Cerca de 0,04% do fármaco foi liberado na fase ácida e 99,05%, no meio básico. Estes resultados refletem o fato de que o ibuprofeno pode ser revestido com sucesso, a fim de impedir sua liberação no estômago e facilitar a rápida liberação do fármaco no duodeno, devido à presença de superdesintegrante. A formulação de tais comprimidos aumentaria a adesão do paciente pela diminuição das reações adversas (RAs), associadas à terapia com ibuprofeno

Elevated ex vivo monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (CCL2) in pulmonary as compared with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis causes 3 million deaths annually. The most common site of tuberculosis is pulmonary however; extra-pulmonary forms of the disease also remain prevalent. Restriction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on effective recruitment and subsequent activation of T lymphocytes, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells to the site of infection. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is essential for granuloma formation and is a potent activator of monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1, CCL2). CCL2 is essential for recruitment of monocytes and T cells and has been shown to play a role in protection against tuberculosis. Interleukin -8 (CXCL8) is a potent activator of neutrophils. Increased levels of CCL2, CXCL8 and TNFα are reported in tuberculosis but their significance in different forms of tuberculosis is as yet unclear. We have used an ex vivo assay to investigate differences in immune parameters in patients with either pulmonary or extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: Serum levels of CCL2, CXCL8 and TNFα were measured in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (N = 12), extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (N = 8) and BCG-vaccinated healthy volunteers (N = 12). Whole blood cells were stimulated with non-pathogenic Mycobacterium bovis bacille-Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine strain or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cyto/chemokines were monitored in supernatants. RESULTS: Circulating serum levels of CXCL8 and TNFα were raised in all tuberculosis patients, while CCL2 levels were not. There was no difference in spontaneous cytokine secretion from whole blood cells between patients and controls. M. bovis BCG-induced ex vivo CCL2 secretion was significantly greater in pulmonary as compared with both extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients and endemic controls. In response to LPS stimulation, patients with pulmonary tuberculosis showed increased CCL2 and TNFα responses as compared with the extra-pulmonary group. BCG-, and LPS-induced CXCL8 secretion was comparable between patients and controls. CONCLUSION: CCL2 is activated by TNFα and is essential for recruitment of monocytes and T cells to the site of mycobacterial infection. Increased CCL2 activation in pulmonary tuberculosis may result in a stronger cellular response as compared with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and this may contribute to the localization of infection to the pulmonary site

Changing trends of pyogenic microorganisms in a tertiary care hospital

Objective: To determine the predominant microorganisms responsible for pyogenic infections and prospective monitoring of the changing trends in their antibiotic susceptibility profile. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, from April 2015 to February 2016. Pus and pus swab samples were randomly collected from different body sites both from the males and females from any age group. Patients who were already taking antibiotics, those on steroids or suffering from chronic illnesses were excluded from the study. Inoculation of the samples on the respective culture media was done followed by Gram stain, biochemical reactions and antibiotic susceptibility testing carried out by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and its interpretation as per Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Data was collected on preformed table and analysis was done by using SPSS version 21. Results: 127 pus samples were analyzed, out of which 103 yielded a positive culture. Staphylococcus aureus/Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the commonest organism among the Gram positive organisms which showed maximum susceptibility to vancomycin (100%) and Linezolid (92%). Among the Gram negative organisms Escherichia coli was the commonest followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other organisms. Conclusion:&nbsp; The changing trends of pyogenic organisms have to be monitored prospectively to counter the global epidemic and to detect the constantly increasing burden of antibiotic resistance leading to it

Confronting our mistakes: A comprehensive evaluation of radiographic errors in digital chest radiography among adult population in a public sector hospital

Objective: To find out the various types of radiographic errors in digital chest radiography and their effect on image quality leading to image rejection. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Radiology department of Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences for a period of One month, September 2019. The study included 1560 digital Chest X-Rays, reaching the Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS), fulfilling the inclusion criteria. All these X-rays were analyzed by two radiology residents for the presence of radiographic errors in them. The various radiographic errors were then classified as: Positioning error, poor collimation, Artifacts, improper exposure, motion blur and mislabeling. The frequency of each radiographic error was measured along with their implication on image quality resulting in three major image categories: ACCEPT, JUST ACCEPTABLE and REJECT. The SPSS was adopted for inferential statistical analysis. Results: The study included 1013 (64.9%) male patients and 547 (35.1%) female patients. The mean age came out to be 36 +/- 15 years. Out of 1560 X-rays, 964 (61.8 %) had radiographic errors in them while 596 (38.2%) were completely devoid of radiographic errors. Positioning error (44.5 percent) was the most frequently encountered error followed by poor collimation (29.8%), artifacts (14.9%), Improper exposure (8%), motion blur (2.2%) and mislabeling (0.5%). The rejection rate came out to be 16.5 %. The major cause of image rejection was anatomy cutoff, especially the cut-off of cardio phrenic (CP) angle. Conclusion: Positioning errors represent the commonest cause of image rejection in chest radiography. The main identified pitfall was lack of radiographer’s education and training in performing an examination and indicates a need to improve their performance. Key words: Digital Radiography, Chest X ray, Radiographic error, Image reject &nbsp

Sensitivity of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in children with urinary tract infections

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the 2nd commonest bacterial infections, after respiratory tract infections (RTIs), and may go on to progress into chronic kidney disease among paediatric population. The objective of this study was to determine frequency of sensitivity of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone in children with urinary tract infections (UTIs).Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was done at the department of pediatric medicine, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, from 10th August 2019 to 9th January 2020. A total of 165 patients presenting with UTI and aged 2 to 12 years of either gender were included. Urine sample was taken in sterilized container and sent immediately for urine culture and sensitivity tests.Results: In a total of 165 cases, mean age was 5.15±2.50 years while most cases, 113 (68.48%) were between 2 to 6 years of age. Out of the 165 patients, 112 (67.87%) were female representing female to male ratio of 2.1:1. Sensitivity of ciprofloxacin in 53 (32.12%) and ceftriaxone in 107 (64.85%) patients was found.Conclusions: This study showed the sensitivity of ciprofloxacin in 32.12% and ceftriaxone in 64.9% children with UTIs

ESAT6-Induced IFNγ and CXCL9 Can Differentiate Severity of Tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: Protective responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are dependent on appropriate T cell and macrophage activation. Mycobacterial antigen six kDa early secreted antigenic target (ESAT6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP10) can detect M. tuberculosis specific IFNgamma responses. However, most studies have been performed in non-endemic regions and to study pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). We have studied ESAT6 and CFP10 induced cytokine and chemokines responses in PTB and extrapulmonary (EPul) TB. METHODOLOGY: IFNgamma, IL10, CXCL9 and CCL2 responses were determined using an ex vivo whole blood assay system in PTB (n = 30) and EPulTB patients with limited (LNTB, n = 24) or severe (SevTB, n = 22) disease, and in healthy endemic controls (ECs). Responses to bacterial LPS were also determined. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: ESAT6- and CFP10-induced IFNgamma was comparable between ECs and TB patients. Both ESAT6- and CFP10-induced IFNgamma secretion was greater in LNTB than PTB. ESAT6-induced CXCL9 was greater in EPulTB as compared with PTB, with an increase in SevTB as compared with LNTB. CFP10-induced CCL2 was higher in PTB than LNTB patients. LPS-stimulated CXCL9 was greatest in SevTB and LPS-induced CCL2 was increased in PTB as compared with LNTB patients. A positive correlation between ESAT6-induced IFNgamma and CXCL9 was present in all TB patients, but IFNgamma and CCL2 was only correlated in LNTB. ESAT-induced CCL2 and CXCL9 were significantly associated in LNTB while correlation in response to LPS was only present in SevTB. CONCLUSIONS: ESAT6 induced IFNgamma and CXCL9 can differentiate between limited and severe TB infections

Clino-pathological features of urinary tract infection: a study at Nishtar University Hospital Multan, Punjab, Pakistan

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common clinical issue among pediatric population and might progress into renal scaring, hypertension as well as end stage kidney disease. This study was aimed at finding clino-pathological features of UTI and antibiotic sensitivity against most common causative agents involved at a tertiary care hospital of South Punjab, Pakistan.Methods: This descriptive case series study was conducted at department of Paediatric Medicine, Nishtar University Hospital Multan from July to December 2019. A total of 100 children fulfilling the inclusion criteria, presenting in outpatient department or emergency section of paediatric medicine department, having positive urine culture and sensitivity were selected. Their detailed history, clinical examination and relevant investigations were done.Results: Out of the 100 children, 73 (73.0%) were female and 27 (27.0%) were male. There were 57 (57.0%) children from 1 year to 4 years age group and 43 (43.0%) were of more than 4 years. Most common clinical presentations were fever 83 (83.0%), urinary symptoms, vomiting 52 (52.0%) and pain abdomen 48 (48.0%). Most common aetiological agents were Escherichia coli 74 (74.0%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 9 (9.0%).Conclusions: UTI is more common in female children. Most common presentation observed was fever and/or urinary symptoms while most common aetiological agent was E. coli