Fractionalization patterns in strongly correlated electron systems: Spin-charge separation and beyond

We discuss possible patterns of electron fractionalization in strongly interacting electron systems. A popular possibility is one in which the charge of the electron has been liberated from its Fermi statistics. Such a fractionalized phase contains in it the seed of superconductivity. Another possibility occurs when the spin of the electron, rather than its charge, is liberated from its Fermi statistics. Such a phase contains in it the seed of magnetism, rather than superconductivity. We consider models in which both of these phases occur and study possible phase transitions between them. We describe other fractionalized phases, distinct from these, in which fractions of the electron themselves fractionalize, and discuss the topological characterization of such phases. These ideas are illustrated with specific models of p-wave superconductors, Kondo lattices, and coexistence between d-wave superconductivity and antiferromagnetism.Comment: 28 pages, 11 fig

Competing orders in a magnetic field: spin and charge order in the cuprate superconductors

We describe two-dimensional quantum spin fluctuations in a superconducting Abrikosov flux lattice induced by a magnetic field applied to a doped Mott insulator. Complete numerical solutions of a self-consistent large N theory provide detailed information on the phase diagram and on the spatial structure of the dynamic spin spectrum. Our results apply to phases with and without long-range spin density wave order and to the magnetic quantum critical point separating these phases. We discuss the relationship of our results to a number of recent neutron scattering measurements on the cuprate superconductors in the presence of an applied field. We compute the pinning of static charge order by the vortex cores in the `spin gap' phase where the spin order remains dynamically fluctuating, and argue that these results apply to recent scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) measurements. We show that with a single typical set of values for the coupling constants, our model describes the field dependence of the elastic neutron scattering intensities, the absence of satellite Bragg peaks associated with the vortex lattice in existing neutron scattering observations, and the spatial extent of charge order in STM observations. We mention implications of our theory for NMR experiments. We also present a theoretical discussion of more exotic states that can be built out of the spin and charge order parameters, including spin nematics and phases with `exciton fractionalization'.Comment: 36 pages, 33 figures; for a popular introduction, see http://onsager.physics.yale.edu/superflow.html; (v2) Added reference to new work of Chen and Ting; (v3) reorganized presentation for improved clarity, and added new appendix on microscopic origin; (v4) final published version with minor change

Congenital Zika Virus Infection: Beyond Neonatal Microcephaly

Recent studies have reported an increase in the number of fetuses and neonates with microcephaly whose mothers were infected with the Zika virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy. To our knowledge, most reports to date have focused on select aspects of the maternal or fetal infection and fetal effects. OBJECTIVE To describe the prenatal evolution and perinatal outcomes of 11 neonates who had developmental abnormalities and neurological damage associated with ZIKV infection in Brazil. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We observed 11 infants with congenital ZIKV infection from gestation to 6 months in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Ten of 11 women included in this study presented with symptoms of ZIKV infection during the first half of pregnancy, and all 11 had laboratory evidence of the infection in several tissues by serology or polymerase chain reaction. Brain damage was confirmed through intrauterine ultrasonography and was complemented by magnetic resonance imaging. Histopathological analysis was performed on the placenta and brain tissue from infants who died. The ZIKV genome was investigated in several tissues and sequenced for further phylogenetic analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Description of the major lesions caused by ZIKV congenital infection. RESULTS Of the 11 infants, 7 (63.6%) were female, and the median (SD) maternal age at delivery was 25 (6) years. Three of 11 neonates died, giving a perinatal mortality rate of 27.3%. The median (SD) cephalic perimeter at birth was 31 (3) cm, a value lower than the limit to consider a microcephaly case. In all patients, neurological impairments were identified, including microcephaly, a reduction in cerebral volume, ventriculomegaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, lissencephaly with hydrocephalus, and fetal akinesia deformation sequence (ie, arthrogryposis). Results of limited testing for other causes of microcephaly, such as genetic disorders and viral and bacterial infections, were negative, and the ZIKV genome was found in both maternal and neonatal tissues (eg, amniotic fluid, cord blood, placenta, and brain). Phylogenetic analyses showed an intrahost virus variation with some polymorphisms in envelope genes associated with different tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Combined findings from clinical, laboratory, imaging, and pathological examinations provided a more complete picture of the severe damage and developmental abnormalities caused by ZIKV infection than has been previously reported. The term congenital Zika syndrome is preferable to refer to these cases, as microcephaly is just one of the clinical signs of this congenital malformation disorder.73121407141

Latin American consensus on guidelines for chronic migraine treatment

Chronic migraine is a condition with significant prevalence all around the world and high socioeconomic impact, and its handling has been challenging neurologists. Developments for understanding its mechanisms and associated conditions, as well as that of new therapies, have been quick and important, a fact which has motivated the Latin American and Brazilian Headache Societies to prepare the present consensus. The treatment of chronic migraine should always be preceded by a careful diagnosis review; the detection of possible worsening factors and associated conditions; the stratification of seriousness/ impossibility to treat; and monitoring establishment, with a pain diary. The present consensus deals with pharmacological and nonpharmacological forms of treatment to be used in chronic migraine

Latin American Consensus On Guidelines For Chronic Migraine Treatment

Chronic migraine is a condition with significant prevalence all around the world and high socioeconomic impact, and its handling has been challenging neurologists. Developments for understanding its mechanisms and associated conditions, as well as that of new therapies, have been quick and important, a fact which has motivated the Latin American and Brazilian Headache Societies to prepare the present consensus. The treatment of chronic migraine should always be preceded by a careful diagnosis review; the detection of possible worsening factors and associated conditions; the stratification of seriousness/ impossibility to treat; and monitoring establishment, with a pain diary. The present consensus deals with pharmacological and nonpharmacological forms of treatment to be used in chronic migraine.717478486(2004) International Classification of Headache Disorders, 24, pp. S1-S160. , International Headache Society Classification Subcommittee 2nd edition. 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Preliminary results (2004) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 62, pp. 513-518Hill, C.H., Miner, J.R., Martel, M.L., Olanzapine versus dropendol for the treatment of primary headache in the emergency department (2008) Acad Emerg Med, 15, pp. 806-811Silberstein, S.B., Peres, M.R., Olanzapine in the treatment of refractory headache (2002) Headache, 42, pp. 515-518Mendes, P.M., Silberstein, S.D., Young, W.B., Intravenous propofol in the treatment of refractory headache (2002) Headache, 42, pp. 638-641Dusitanond, P., Young, W.B., Neuroleptics and migraine (2009) Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem, 9, pp. 63-70Krymchantowski, A.V., Jevoux, C., Moreira, P.R., An open pilot study assessing the benefits of quetiapine for the prevention of migraine refractory to the combination of atenolol, nortriptyline, and flunarizine (2010) Pain Med, 11, pp. 48-52Obermann, M., Katsarava, Z., Management of medication-overuse headache (2007) Expert Rev Neurother, 7, pp. 1145-1155Pageler, L., Katsarava, Z., Diener, H.C., Prednisone vs. Placebo in withdrawal therapy following medication overuse headache (2008) Cephalalgia, 28, pp. 152-156Katsarava, Z., Holle, D., Diener, H.C., Medication overuse headache (2009) Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 9, pp. 115-119Zeeberg, P., Olesen, J., Jensen, R., Discontinuation of medication overuse in headache patients: Recovery of therapeutic responsiveness (2006) Cephalalgia, 26, pp. 1192-1198Rossi, R., Jensen, R., Nappi, G., A narrative review on the management of medication overuse headache: The steep road from experience to evidence (2009) J Headache Pain, 10, pp. 407-417Dodick, D.W., Türkei, C.C., DeGryse, R.E., Onabotulinumtoxma for treatment of chronic migraine: Pooled results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phases of the PREEMPT clinical program (2010) Headache, 50, pp. 921-936. , PREEMPT Chronic Migraine Study GroupDiener, H.C., Dodick, D.W., Aurora, S.K., Onabotulinumtoxin A for treatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trial (2010) Cephalalgia, 30, pp. 804-814. , PREEMPT 2 Chronic Migraine Study GroupSilberstein, S.D., Lipton, R.B., Dodick, D.W., Efficacy and safety of topiramate for the treatment of chronic migraine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (2007) Headache, 47, pp. 170-180. , TopiramateChronic Migraine Study GroupSilvestrini, M., Bartolini, M., Coccia, M., Topiramate in the treatment of chronic migraine (2003) Cephalalgia, 23, pp. 820-824Diener, H.C., Bussone, G., Van Oene, J.C., Topiramate reduces headache days in chronic migraine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (2007) Cephalalgia, 27, pp. 814-823. , TOPMAT-MIG-201 (TOP-CHROME) Study GroupYurekli, V.A., Akhan, G., Kutluhan, S., The effect of sodium valproate on chronic daily headache and its subgroups (2008) J Headache Pain, 9, pp. 37-41Silberstein, S.D., Neto, W., Schmitt, J., Topiramate in migraine prevention: Results of a large controlled trial (2004) Arch Neurol, 61, pp. 490-495. , MIGR-001 Study GroupBrandes, J.L., Saper, J.R., Diamond, M., Topiramate for migraine prevention: A randomized controlled trial (2004) JAMA, 291, pp. 965-973. , MIGR-002 Study GroupSilberstein, S.D., Hulihan, J., Karim, M.R., Efficacy and tolerability of topiramate 200 mg/d in the prevention of migraine with/without aura in adults: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 12-week pilot study (2006) Clin Ther, 28, pp. 1002-1011Silberstein, S., Lipton, R., Dodick, D., Topiramate treatment of chronic migraine: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of quality of life and other efficacy measures (2009) Headache, 49, pp. 1153-1162Hering, R., Kuntzky, A., Sodium valproate in the prophylactic treatment of migraine: A double-blind study versus placebo (1992) Cephalalgia, 12, pp. 81-84Silberstein, S.D., Collins, S.D., Long-term safety of depakote in headache prophylaxis study group (1999) Headache, 39, pp. 633-643. , Safety of divalproex sodium in migraine prophylaxis: an open-label, long-term studyFreitag, F.G., Collins, S.D., Carlson, H.A., Depakote, E.R., A randomized trial of divalproex sodium extended-release tablets in migraine prophylaxis (2002) Neurology, 58, pp. 1652-1659. , Migraine Study GroupRowe, A., Lachinski, R., Rizelio, V., Hospital management of intractable headaches. 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