A Self-referenced and regulated sensing solution for PCM with OTS selector

2021 IFIP/IEEE 29th International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI-SoC), Singapour, 4-7 Oct. 2021International audiencePhase change memory (PCM) device associated with Ovonic Threshold Switch (OTS) selector is a proven solution to fill the gap between DRAM and mass storage. This technology also has the potential to be embedded in a high-end microcontroller. However, programming and reading phases efficiency is directly linked to the selector's leakage current and the sneak-path management. To tackle this challenge, we propose in this paper, a new sense amplifier able to generate an auto-reference taking into account leakage current of unselected cell, including a regulation loop to compensate voltage drop due to reading current sensing. This auto-referenced sense, built on the charge-sharing principle, is designed on a 28nm FDSOI technology and validated through extensive Monte-Carlo and corner cases simulations. From the simulation results, our sense amplifier is demonstrated to be robust for an ultra-large range of sneak-path current and consequently for a large range of memory array size, suitable for embedded memory in high-end microcontroller

Skin biopsy in adult patients with meningococcal purpura fulminans: a multicenter retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background Neisseria meningitidis is the leading responsible bacterium of Purpura Fulminans (PF) accounting for two thirds of PF. Skin biopsy is a simple and minimally invasive exam allowing to perform skin culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Neisseria meningitidis. We aimed to assess the sensitivity of skin biopsy in adult patients with meningococcal PF. Methods A 17-year multicenter retrospective cohort study including adult patients admitted to the ICU for a meningococcal PF in whom a skin biopsy with conventional and/or meningococcal PCR was performed. Results Among 306 patients admitted for PF, 195 had a meningococcal PF (64%) with a skin biopsy being performed in 68 (35%) of them. Skin biopsy was performed in median 1 day after the initiation of antibiotic therapy. Standard culture of skin biopsy was performed in 61/68 (90%) patients and grew Neisseria meningitidis in 28 (46%) of them. Neisseria meningitidis PCR on skin biopsy was performed in 51/68 (75%) patients and was positive in 50 (98%) of them. Among these 50 positive meningococcal PCR, five were performed 3 days or more after initiation of antibiotic therapy. Finally, skin biopsy was considered as contributive in 60/68 (88%) patients. Identification of the meningococcal serogroup was obtained with skin biopsy in 48/68 (71%) patients. Conclusions Skin biopsy with conventional culture and meningococcal PCR has a global sensitivity of 88% and should be systematically considered in case of suspected meningococcal PF even after the initiation of antimicrobial treatment

La politique des chaires au Collège de France

Le Collège de France se définit comme le lieu de la science en voie de se faire. Rejetant tout partage disciplinaire fixe, il prône l’adéquation de ses enseignements au renouvellement des savoirs. Mais ce qui apparaît comme une libre transformation est aussi l’expression d’une politique institutionnelle. Le choix d’un intitulé de chaire, la désignation d’un titulaire résultent de l’état de la science et d’un contexte académique, politique et social. La reconduction d’une chaire revient à affirmer qu’une discipline mérite d’être enseignée ; la suppression d’une autre signifie que celle-ci n’a plus sa place dans le paysage scientifique. L’analyse des pratiques à l’œuvre au Collège de France durant ses cinq siècles d’existence, révèle une tension vive et persistante entre l’engagement en faveur de l’innovation et la perpétuation des traditions séculaires. Sur la base de nombreux documents inédits issus notamment des archives du Collège de France, cet ouvrage revisite l’autodéfinition de la plus fameuse institution savante française et invite à reconsidérer la fabrique et le partage des savoirs dans l’enseignement et la recherche

Émotions

L’étude des relations entre musique et émotions – historiquement un problème avant tout philosophique – connaît depuis quelques années un développement croissant dans le domaine des sciences cognitives. La plupart des théories émises reposent sur des approches de type esthétique ou psychologique, généralement centrées sur les répertoires classiques occidentaux, avec quelques incursions dans le domaine des musiques « actuelles ». Bien que cette question puisse a priori concerner toute société humaine, les ethnomusicologues ne l’ont que rarement abordée de manière approfondie. L’ambition de ce volume est de combler ce manque tout en répondant à l’attente de chercheurs d’autres horizons. À partir d’observations de terrain, les contributions analysent comment les affects sont générés, exprimés, partagés dans une société donnée

The DeepFaune initiative: a collaborative effort towards the automatic identification of Europeanfauna in camera trap images

Camera traps have revolutionized how ecologists monitor wildlife, but their full potential is realized only when the hundreds of thousands of collected images can be readily classified with minimal human intervention. Deep-learning classification models have allowed extraordinary progress towards this end, but trained models remain rare and are only now emerging for European fauna. We report on the first milestone of the DeepFaune initiative (https://www.deepfaune.cnrs.fr), a large-scale collaboration between more than 50 partners involved in wildlife research, conservation and management in France. We developed aclassification model trained to recognize 26 species or higher-level taxa that are common in Europe, with an emphasis on mammals. The classification model achieved 0.97 validation accuracy and often >0.95 precision and recall for many classes. These performances were generally higher than 0.90 when tested on independent out-of-sample datasets for which we used image redundancy contained in sequences of images. We implemented our model in a software to classify images stored locally on a personal computer, so as to provide a free, user-friendly and high-performance tool for wildlife practitioners to automatically classify camera trap images. The DeepFaune initiative is an ongoing project, with new partners joining regularly,which allows us to continuously add new species to the classification model