Electromagnetic source localization with finite set of frequency measurements

A phase conjugation algorithm for localizing an extended radiating electromagnetic source from boundary measurements of the electric field is presented. Measurements are taken over a finite number of frequencies. The artifacts related to the finite frequency data are tackled with $l_1-$regularization blended with the fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding algorithm with backtracking of Beck & Teboulle.Comment: 10 page

FACTORS AFFECTING THE BEHAVIOR OF GOVERNMENT AUDITORS FOR THE SURVEILLANCE OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR OF PAKISTAN

This research is intended to present the important factorswhich affect the behavior of government auditors, who are responsiblefor the surveillance of the public sector of Pakistan. Governmentauditors bring accountability and transparency through financial,regulatory and compliance audits of the public sector.The behaviorof government auditors has been studied through a model whichconsists of four independent variables-human resource practices,audit facilities and external factors. A questionnaire with five pointLikert scale has been developed. Three hundred government auditorswere selected as a sample of the study. The response rate remained at83%. Simple and multiple linear regression have been applied to testthe relationship between the independent and the dependentvariables. It is concluded that HR practices, audit facilities, externalfactors and behavior of the auditee have positive and significantrelationship with the behavior of auditors. If these factors arestrengthened, the auditors can work in an effective manner

Foundation of Corporate Social Responsibility and Innovation for Achieving Competitive Advantage

The modern business environment requires organizations to constantly look for ways to gain a competitive advantage. This study bibliometrically describes and depicts the knowledge about corporate social responsibility and innovations as a source of competitive advantage. Current study extracted the 428 documents from WoS database for 2009 to 2023. This study applied a two stage bibliometric approach in the methodology part. In the first stage, the selection of the keywords:  “corporate social responsibility” OR “frugal innovation” OR “disruptive innovation” AND “competitive advantage” being used in the search bar of WoS database and in the second stage VOSviewer software was used on the data file extracted from the WoS database for bibliometric analysis techniques. The findings enabled us to identify how different regions of the glob that have contributed most significantly to the expansion of this field of knowledge as well as the most significant authors, articles and journals. Current study has some limitations like documents were extracted from only one database e.g. WoS and this study ignored the other sources like Scopus, Dimensions and Google scholar. Only published articles were included in the analysis for the period of 2009 to 2023. The findings have implications for research scholars, practitioners and policy makers for in-depth knowledge of the current study indicators and this research provides future trends in the development of CSR knowledge. The originality of the paper contributes to the knowledge of bibliometric approach to disseminate trend in CSR as most relevant source of competitive advantage from the WoS database.   &nbsp

A novel single lag auto-correlation minimization (SLAM) algorithm for blind adaptive channel shortening

A blind adaptive channel shortening algorithm based on minimizing the sum of the squared autocorrelations (SAM) of the effective channel was recently proposed. We submit that identical channel shortening can be achieved by minimizing the square of only a single autocorrelation. Our proposed single lag autocorrelation minimization (SLAM) algorithm has, therefore, very low complexity and also it does not require, a priori, the knowledge of the length of the channel. We also constrain the autocorrelation minimization with a novel stopping criterion so that the shortening signal to noise ratio (SSNR) of the effective channel is not minimized by the autocorrelation minimization. The simulations have shown that SLAM achieves higher bit rates than SAM

Low complexity channel shortening and equalization for multi-carrier systems

A new time domain blind adaptive channel shortening algorithm for Discrete Multi Tone (DMT)-based multicarrier systems is first proposed. It is computationally less expensive, and more robust to non- Gaussian impulsive noise environments than a recently reported Sum squared Autocorrelation Minimization (SAM) algorithm. A "left" initialization scheme is also suggested for Carrier Serving Area (CSA) loop Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) channels. Simulation studies show that by a proper selection of the learning parameter i.e., the step size, the bit rates achieved by the SAM algorithm when operating in an environment contaminated by Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) can be further improved. Next a novel time domain low complexity blind adaptive channel short ening algorithm called Single Lag Autocorrelation Minimization (SLAM) is introduced. The algorithm is totally blind in the sense that it does not require a prior knowledge about the length of the channel impulse response. The proposed novel stopping criterion freezes the adaptation of the SLAM algorithm when the maximum amount of Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) is cancelled. As such, the stopping criterion can also be used with SAM. An attractive alternate frequency domain equalization approach for multicarrier systems is Per Tone Equalization (PTEQ). This scheme en- ables true signal-tonoise ratio optimization to be implemented for each tone and it always achieves higher bit rates than Time domain Equalizer (TEQ) based channel shortening schemes but at the price of increased computational complexity and higher memory requirements. A low complexity (PTEQ) scheme is, therefore, finally proposed. The com plexity of the PTEQ can be traded off with the complexity of the timing synchronization within the system. In particular, it is shown that the use of more than one difference terms and hence a long equalizer in the PTEQ scheme is generally redundant. The PTEQ scheme assumes knowledge of the channel impulse response. In this case synchronization is trivial and it is possible to use only a length two PTEQ equalizer and attain essentially identical bit rate performance to a PTEQ equalizer with length matched to the cyclic prefix. This observation allows for a substantial reduction in computational complexity of the PTEQ scheme in both initialization and data transmission modes. For a reasonable range of values of synchronization error, <5, around the optimal value of 5 = 0, the performance of this length two equalizer is shown to remain relatively constant. For positive synchronization errors, however, the required PTEQ equalizer length is proportional to the synchronization error. A low complexity blind synchronization method is ultimately suggested which is based on the construction of the difference terms of the PTEQ scheme

Relationship between Awareness and Use of Digital Information Resources among University Students of Southern Punjab

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between awareness and use of digital information resources among students of universities in South Punjab. The researcher adopted survey research design and employed questionnaire as a research method to collect the data from respondents. The population of the study consisted on BS, Master, MS, M. Phil and PhD programs students of The Islamia University Bahawalpur and Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect data from respondents. A statistical package for social science (SPSS-20) was used for the analysis of data. The result of the study found that majority of respondents used university library on occasionally basis and most of respondents give preference to digital information resources over printed materials. Most of the respondents agreed that they consult digital information resources for academic work, assignments and for the use of research purposes. Majority of the respondents had skills to used different database like HEC digital library, HEC Summon, Science Direct, JStore etc. A statistically it was found a strong relationship between awareness and use of digital information resources. The barriers faced by respondents while using digital information resources were; slow internet connectivity, respondents’ low ICT skills and limited access to university information resources etc

Factors Influencing Job Satisfaction of Employees in Telecom Sector of Pakistan

The telecom industry plays an important role in the underpinning of a country’s economy. This study is aimed at getting a clearer view of the level of satisfaction of the employees in various telecom companies. The main concerns are the relative importance and need of different job satisfaction factors and how they contribute to the overall satisfaction of the employees. Another field of focus is the impact of different things, such as experience, age and sex on job satisfaction. The results deduced represent employee relations, salary, fringe supervision, and efficiency as the most important factors influencing job satisfaction. It was seen that job satisfaction was good in telecommunication companies This paper was utilized in understanding the importance of the environment in which the employees work, pay, fairness, promotion, job security, supervisors, and co-worker relationships and their effect on job satisfaction. All telecom companies Ufone, Zong, Telenor, Warid telecom, Pakistan Telecommunication and Mobilink were visited to collected data. Data was quantitatively collected through close-ended questionnaires with a sample size of 200 telecom sector employees. Data was analyzed through correlation and multiple regression using SPSS software and results were significant. The overall job satisfaction of the employees in the telecom sector is at the positive level. Hence, this research was mainly undertaken to investigate on the significance of factors such as working conditions, pay and promotion, job security, fairness, relationship with co-workers and supervisors in affecting the job satisfaction. This paper presents a comprehensive diagnosis of job satisfaction indices of telecom sector, the factors causing the dissatisfaction & suggestions to improve them. Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Job Dissatisfaction, employees, telecom sector, Pakistan

EFFECT OF MICRO FINANCE ON POVERTY REDUCTION OF SMALL SCALE FARMERS OF PAKISTAN

This study revealed the impact of micro finance with regard to poverty alleviation, employment generation opportunities, upraise in the standards of living of the small farmers of Pakistan along with the access of such finances and their financial cost. Small farmers often rely on the loans and finance from the formal and informal sources of finance. There is low rate of sustainability in the micro finance sector. These schemes remain for a small time period. Another challenge is that there is a need of replicable and scalable model. There is also a requirement of formalization of informal credit source which count for higher. There is high need of reducing the ambiguities in obtaining the credit from these sources. With respect to agriculture, the proportion of finance should be increase with the proportion to its contribution to the economy. The data for this study has been collected through a selfstructured questionnaire and respondents are small farmers who are availing the micro finance facility for any source; informal, formal or semi – informal. The data collected form 150 respondent from Sahiwal and Multan Region. The data has been analyzed through regression and correlation method with the use of SPSS for checking the relationship and impact of micro finance on the living of poor and employment generation. This paper also concluded that the financial cost of such finances is having significant role on the success of such schemes. The research is a contribution to the financial sector to set their focus according to the quality and quantity of micro credit to the agriculture sector