(Be)longing – Forståelse af mobning som længsel efter at høre til

Artiklen præsenterer en Lord of the Flies-tilgang til mobning, der dækker over forståelser, der forbinder mobning med en indbygget krigerisk indstilling i mennesker. Denne forståelse hører til inden for de individualiserede forklaringer på mobning, som har en vis udbredelse blandt forskningsprojektets lærerinformanter. Artiklen hviler på forskellige metodikker: Kvantitative data, kvalitative data og teoretiske refleksioner. Der følges et spor på tværs af disse metodikker, nemlig sammenhænge mellem skoleklassens sociale liv og mobbemønstre mellem eleverne. Artiklen tilbyder begrebet ‘longing for belonging’ til at forstå mobning som en uformel fællesskabsform mellem elever, der forsøger at dække manglen på tilhørsforhold i det formelle skolefællesskab. ‘Longing for belonging’ kan således forstås som en modpol til Lord of the Flies-tilgangen. I sådan en forståelse indeholder mobning både sociale og ikkesociale aspekter. Det sociale ligger i ønsket om at skabe noget at være fælles om. Det ikke-sociale ligger i udstødelse af klassekammerater fra det uformelle vi. Analysen foreslår, at mobning i dette perspektiv kan ses som ‘inkluderet eksklusion’

Fortrolige voksne i de unges liv

Fortrolige voksne i de unges liv belyser unges behov for og forventninger til fortrolige voksne. Rapporten har særligt fokus på den del af unges tilværelse, der byder på negative udfordringer og hvor der kan være behov for at få adgang til en fortrolig voksen. Rapporten stiller skarpt på hvilke forventninger unge i udskolingen har til deres professionelle voksne, og hvilke emner og problemstillinger de netop knytter til fortroligheden med dem. Rapportens råd og analyser henvender sig til de professionelle voksne, som udskolingseleverne møder i institutionelle sammenhænge – og de voksne enkelte elever vil møde i myndighedssammenhænge

Migratory direction established in inexperienced bird migrants in the absence of magnetic field references in their pre-migratory period and during testing

Several studies have investigated the importance of different orientational cues that pre-migratory, naïve bird migrants might use to develop their appropriate migratory orientation. We tested the hypothesis that, without any interplay with the magnetic compass in the pre-migratory period, celestial rotation alone cannot lead to any migratory orientation that differs significantly from due south, i.e. celestial rotation is used as a reference only and it is set by the geomagnetic compass to the species-specific migration direction. In the present study, juvenile whitethroats, Sylvia communis, trapped in the field soon after fledging, developed appropriate migratory orientation when held in outdoor cages in full view of celestial cues, but in a strong, heterogeneous magnetic field without any meaningful, magnetic directional information and tested in a strong and approximately vertical magnetic field. The migratory orientation of these birds did not differ from that of birds held in an undisturbed magnetic field, and both differed significantly from south. Thus, the birds established a deviation from south (away from celestial rotation) in the absence of meaningful magnetic information in the pre-migratory phase. This indicates that magnetic information is not necessary for establishing the appropriate migratory direction when natural celestial cues are available in the pre-migratory period. key worDs: migration direction, orientation, animal behaviour, whitethroat, Sylvia communis

Juvenile Songbirds Compensate for Displacement to Oceanic Islands during Autumn Migration

To what degree juvenile migrant birds are able to correct for orientation errors or wind drift is still largely unknown. We studied the orientation of passerines on the Faroe Islands far off the normal migration routes of European migrants. The ability to compensate for displacement was tested in naturally occurring vagrants presumably displaced by wind and in birds experimentally displaced 1100 km from Denmark to the Faroes. The orientation was studied in orientation cages as well as in the free-flying birds after release by tracking departures using small radio transmitters. Both the naturally displaced and the experimentally displaced birds oriented in more easterly directions on the Faroes than was observed in Denmark prior to displacement. This pattern was even more pronounced in departure directions, perhaps because of wind influence. The clear directional compensation found even in experimentally displaced birds indicates that first-year birds can also possess the ability to correct for displacement in some circumstances, possibly involving either some primitive form of true navigation, or ‘sign posts’, but the cues used for this are highly speculative. We also found some indications of differences between species in the reaction to displacement. Such differences might be involved in the diversity of results reported in displacement studies so far

Collective animal navigation and migratory culture: From theoretical models to empirical evidence

Animals often travel in groups, and their navigational decisions can be influenced by social interactions. Both theory and empirical observations suggest that such collective navigation can result in individuals improving their ability to find their way and could be one of the key benefits of sociality for these species. Here, we provide an overview of the potential mechanisms underlying collective navigation, review the known, and supposed, empirical evidence for such behaviour and highlight interesting directions for future research. We further explore how both social and collective learning during group navigation could lead to the accumulation of knowledge at the population level, resulting in the emergence of migratory culture

Design of DEVOTE (Trial Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Insulin Degludec vs Insulin Glargine in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at High Risk of Cardiovascular Events) – DEVOTE 1

DEVOTE was designed to evaluate the cardiovascular safety of insulin degludec (IDeg) vs insulin glargine U100 (IGlar) in patients with T2D at high risk of cardiovascular events. DEVOTE is a phase 3b, multicenter, international, randomized, double-blind, active comparator-controlled trial, designed as an event-driven trial that would continue until 633 positively adjudicated primary events were accrued. The primary end point was the time from randomization to a composite outcome consisting of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Patients with T2D at high risk of cardiovascular complications were randomized 1:1 to receive either IDeg or IGlar, each added to background therapies. This trial was designed to demonstrate statistical noninferiority of IDeg vs IGlar for the primary end point. DEVOTE enrolled 7,637 patients between October 2013 and November 2014 at 436 sites in 20 countries. Of these, 6,506 patients had prior cardiovascular disease or chronic kidney disease, and the remainder had multiple cardiovascular risk factors. DEVOTE was designed to provide conclusive evidence regarding the cardiovascular safety of IDeg relative to IGlar in a high-risk population of patients with T2D

Gene Expression in Skeletal Muscle Biopsies from People with Type 2 Diabetes and Relatives: Differential Regulation of Insulin Signaling Pathways

BACKGROUND:Gene expression alterations have previously been associated with type 2 diabetes, however whether these changes are primary causes or secondary effects of type 2 diabetes is not known. As healthy first degree relatives of people with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, they provide a good model in the search for primary causes of the disease. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:We determined gene expression profiles in skeletal muscle biopsies from Caucasian males with type 2 diabetes, healthy first degree relatives, and healthy controls. Gene expression was measured using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays covering the entire human genome. These arrays have not previously been used for this type of study. We show for the first time that genes involved in insulin signaling are significantly upregulated in first degree relatives and significantly downregulated in people with type 2 diabetes. On the individual gene level, 11 genes showed altered expression levels in first degree relatives compared to controls, among others KIF1B and GDF8 (myostatin). LDHB was found to have a decreased expression in both groups compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:We hypothesize that increased expression of insulin signaling molecules in first degree relatives of people with type 2 diabetes, work in concert with increased levels of insulin as a compensatory mechanism, counter-acting otherwise reduced insulin signaling activity, protecting these individuals from severe insulin resistance. This compensation is lost in people with type 2 diabetes where expression of insulin signaling molecules is reduced