Skulls of the prosauropod dinosaur Massospondylus carinatus Owen in the collections of the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research

Description of the skull of Massospondylus (Prosauropoda, Anchisauridae) is largely unnecessary since excellent descriptions now exist of Plateosaurus (Galton 1984, 1985a) which, though larger and of slightly different proportions, is anatomically almost identical. This paper presents comprehensive illustrations of the Massospondylus skulls in the Bernard Price Institute collections and discusses only those aspects of this material in which Massospondylus differs from Plateosaurus, or which further add to our knowledge of the prosauropod skull. It is shown that Attridge et al. ( 1985) give spurious reasons for considering the recently discovered Massospondylus skull from Arizona to differ from the southern African taxon, and that the suggestion of Crompton and Attridge ( 1986) that this animal may have had a horny beak on the tip of the lower jaw is unnecessary and improbable

SMME owners' financial literacy and business growth

The study sought to investigate a possible relationship between SMME owners’ financial literacy and business growth. Relationships between the SMME owners’ financial literacy and several aspects of possible business growth along the broad dimensions of financial, strategic and structural growth were also explored. To achieve this though, the study had to first establish whether SMME owners were financially literate or otherwise and whether their businesses showed some forms of growth. Primary data was collected in a cross-sectional manner, from a sample of small businesses drawn from a local chamber of commerce in the Gauteng Province of South Africa. The study empirically demonstrated that most small businesses showed signs of growth. The growth signs were however, predominantly along the financial and strategic growth dimensions rather than the structural dimension. Indeed, along the more tangible structural dimension, majority of SMMEs seemed to have stagnated. Curiously, the study was unable to demonstrate that a statistically significant relationship existed between owners’ financial literacy and the broad construct of business growth. Even when this broad construct was decomposed into different growth indicators drawn from the financial, strategic and structural growth dimensions, similar statistically insignificant relationships seemed to exist between the owner’s financial literacy and each of them, individually; the superficial interpretation of which could be that financial literacy of the SMME owner bears no relationship with the growth of the business; especially if finance experts can be retained as consultants or employees by the business.http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjssam201

Braincase of panphagia protos (dinosauria, sauropodomorpha)

We describe a partial braincase of the basal sauropodomorph Panphagia protos from the Upper Triassic (midCarnian) horizons of the Ischigualasto Formation. The disarticulated braincase from a subadult individual includes one frontal, both parietals, one prootic, and the supraoccipital. The frontal is longer anteroposteriorly than it is wide transversely, has a small anterolateral process, and an elongate oval depression for the olfactory bulb. The supraoccipital is broader transversely than it is deep dorsoventrally and lacks a pronounced median nuchal eminence. Some braincase features that characterize more derived basal sauropodomorphs are not present in Panphagia, including a broader frontal and reduced anterior tympanic and floccular recesses. Panphagia appears to represent an early stage in the evolution of sauropodomorph dinosaurs.Describimos la caja craneana parcial del sauropodomorfo basal Panphagia protos proveniente de horizontes del Triásico superior (Carniano medio) de la Formación Ischigualasto. La caja craneana desarticulada es de un individuo sub-adulto e incluye un frontal, dos parietales, un proótico y el supraoccipital. El frontal es más largo anteroposteriormente que ancho transversalmente, tiene un pequeño proceso anterolateral y una depresión alargada oval para el bulbo olfatorio. El supraoccipital es transversalmente más ancho que dorsoventralmente alto y carece de una eminencia nucal media pronunciada. Algunas de las características que caracterizan los neurocráneos de sauropodomorfos basales más derivados no están presentes en Panphagia, incluyendo el frontal ancho y la reducción de las cavidades timpánica anterior y flocular. Panphagia parece representar una etapa temprana en la evolución de los dinosaurios sauropodomorfos.Fil: Martínez, Ricardo Néstor. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Haro, Jose Augusto. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Apaldetti, Graciela Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

A New Basal Sauropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Niger and the Early Evolution of Sauropoda

The early evolution of sauropod dinosaurs is poorly understood because of a highly incomplete fossil record. New discoveries of Early and Middle Jurassic sauropods have a great potential to lead to a better understanding of early sauropod evolution and to reevaluate the patterns of sauropod diversification.A new sauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Niger, Spinophorosaurus nigerensis n. gen. et sp., is the most complete basal sauropod currently known. The taxon shares many anatomical characters with Middle Jurassic East Asian sauropods, while it is strongly dissimilar to Lower and Middle Jurassic South American and Indian forms. A possible explanation for this pattern is a separation of Laurasian and South Gondwanan Middle Jurassic sauropod faunas by geographic barriers. Integration of phylogenetic analyses and paleogeographic data reveals congruence between early sauropod evolution and hypotheses about Jurassic paleoclimate and phytogeography.Spinophorosaurus demonstrates that many putatively derived characters of Middle Jurassic East Asian sauropods are plesiomorphic for eusauropods, while South Gondwanan eusauropods may represent a specialized line. The anatomy of Spinophorosaurus indicates that key innovations in Jurassic sauropod evolution might have taken place in North Africa, an area close to the equator with summer-wet climate at that time. Jurassic climatic zones and phytogeography possibly controlled early sauropod diversification

Immobilization quality and cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine alone compared with etorphine–azaperone in blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi)

Objective To evaluate the immobilization quality and cardiopulmonary effects of etorphine alone compared with etorphine–azaperone in blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi). Study design Blinded, randomized, crossover design. Animals A total of 12 boma-habituated female blesbok weighing [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] 57.5 ± 2.5 kg. Methods Each animal was administered etorphine (0.09 mg kg–1) or etorphine–azaperone (0.09 mg kg–1; 0.35 mg kg–1) intramuscularly with 1-week intertreatment washout period. Time to first sign of altered state of consciousness and immobilization time were recorded. Physiological variables were recorded, arterial blood samples were taken during a 40-minute immobilization period, and naltrexone (mean ± SD: 1.83 ± 0.06 mg kg–1) was intravenously administered. Recovery times were documented, and induction, immobilization and recovery were subjectively scored. Statistical analyses were performed; p < 0.05 was significant. Results No difference was observed in time to first sign, immobilization time and recovery times between treatments. Time to head up was longer with etorphine–azaperone (0.5 ± 0.2 versus 0.4 ± 0.2 minutes; p = 0.015). Etorphine caused higher arterial blood pressures (mean: 131 ± 17 versus 110 ± 11 mmHg, p < 0.0001), pH, rectal temperature and arterial oxygen partial pressure (59.2 ± 7.7 versus 42.2 ± 9.8 mmHg), but lower heart (p = 0.002) and respiratory rates (p = 0.01). Etorphine–azaperone combination led to greater impairment of ventilatory function, with higher end-tidal carbon dioxide (p < 0.0001) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (58.0 ± 4.5 versus 48.1 ± 5.1 mmHg). Immobilization quality was greater with etorphine-azaperone than with etorphine alone (median scores: 4 versus 3; p < 0.0001). Conclusions and clinical relevance Both treatments provided satisfactory immobilization of blesbok; however, in addition to a deeper level of immobilization, etorphine–azaperone caused greater ventilatory impairment. Oxygen supplementation is recommended with both treatments

The effect and properties of drifts in the heliosphere

We investigate the properties of drifts and their effect on cosmic ray modulation in the heliosphere using a numerical modulation model based on the solution of a set of stochastic differential equations that was derived from the Parker transport equation. The illustrative capabilities of the numerical model are exploited to yield a better understanding of the physical modulation processes involved. Various studies have indicated that drifts need to be scaled down towards solar maximum conditions and the present study looks at how this can be achieved. Drifts are scaled down directly by multiplying the drift coefficient by a factor of less than unity as well as indirectly through the drift–diffusion relation, that is, by modifying the diffusion coefficient so as to cause a change in the drift effects through altered gradients in particle intensity. Contour plots of particle exit positions and exit energies are presented for both of these cases, and it is illustrated that drifts in the model lead to larger energy losses. This is explained with the aid of figures indicating the relative amount of time spent by pseudo-particles in different regions of the heliosphere during the modulation process. These figures also indicate that an increase in diffusion leads to a suppression or reduction of drift effects. Finally, the figures also show that drift effects are reduced as a function of increasing particle energy; even though the drift coefficient increases with particle energy, the total drift effect, taking into account the contribution from the increased diffusion associated with larger energies, causes drift effects to be reduced with an increase in energy

Introducing a novel manufacturing process for automotive structural/semi structural composite components

Potential uses of composite materials are currently being investigated by the automotive industry to reduce vehicle weight and CO2 emissions. Existing composite production processes are however, low volume and high cost. The aim of the present study was to develop a novel end-to-end production process to produce a light weight, cost effective polymer composite with reduced TAKT time and potential for structural applications. Components were produced from discontinuous random fibres mixed with an epoxy resin system. Static and dynamic mechanical testing as well as durability tests are in progress to evaluate the performance of these materials. Initial results were compared to Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC) as the benchmark composite material