Subatomic movements of a domain wall in the Peierls potential

Movements of individual domain walls in a ferromagnetic garnet were studied with angstrom resolution. The measurements reveal that domain walls can be locked between adjacent crystallographic planes and propagate by distinct steps matching the lattice periodicity. Domain walls are found to be weakly mobile within valleys of the atomic washboard but become unexpectedly flexible on Peierls ridges, where they can be kept in a bi-stable state by ac magnetic field. We describe the latter observation in terms of a single magnetic kink propagating along a domain wall

Obesity resistant mechanisms in the Lean polygenic mouse model as indicated by liver transcriptome and expression of selected genes in skeletal muscle

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Divergently selected Lean and Fat mouse lines represent unique models for a polygenic form of resistance and susceptibility to obesity development. Previous research on these lines focused mainly on obesity-susceptible factors in the Fat line. This study aimed to examine the molecular basis of obesity-resistant mechanisms in the Lean line by analyzing various fat depots and organs, the liver transcriptome of selected metabolic pathways, plasma and lipid homeostasis and expression of selected skeletal muscle genes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Expression profiling using our custom Steroltalk v2 microarray demonstrated that Lean mice exhibit a higher hepatic expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes compared to the Fat line, although this was not reflected in elevation of total plasma or liver cholesterol. However, FPLC analysis showed that protective HDL cholesterol was elevated in Lean mice. A significant difference between the strains was also found in bile acid metabolism. Lean mice had a higher expression of <it>Cyp8b1</it>, a regulatory enzyme of bile acid synthesis, and the <it>Abcb11 </it>bile acid transporter gene responsible for export of acids to the bile. Additionally, a higher content of blood circulating bile acids was observed in Lean mice. Elevated HDL and upregulation of some bile acids synthesis and transport genes suggests enhanced reverse cholesterol transport in the Lean line - the flux of cholesterol out of the body is higher which is compensated by upregulation of endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis. Increased skeletal muscle <it>Il6 </it>and <it>Dio2 </it>mRNA levels as well as increased activity of muscle succinic acid dehydrogenase (SDH) in the Lean mice demonstrates for the first time that changes in muscle energy metabolism play important role in the Lean line phenotype determination and corroborate our previous findings of increased physical activity and thermogenesis in this line. Finally, differential expression of <it>Abcb11 </it>and <it>Dio2 </it>identifies novel strong positional candidate genes as they map within the quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions detected previously in crosses between the Lean and Fat mice.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We identified novel candidate molecular targets and metabolic changes which can at least in part explain resistance to obesity development in the Lean line. The major difference between the Lean and Fat mice was in increased liver cholesterol biosynthesis gene mRNA expression, bile acid metabolism and changes in selected muscle genes' expression in the Lean line. The liver <it>Abcb11 </it>and muscle <it>Dio2 </it>were identified as novel positional candidate genes to explain part of the phenotypic difference between the Lean and Fat lines.</p

Cystatin E/M suppresses legumain activity and invasion of human melanoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>High activity of cysteine proteases such as legumain and the cathepsins have been shown to facilitate growth and invasion of a variety of tumor types. In breast cancer, several recent studies have indicated that loss of the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin E/M leads to increased growth and metastasis. Although cystatin E/M is normally expressed in the skin, its role in cysteine protease regulation and progression of malignant melanoma has not been studied.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A panel of various non-melanoma and melanoma cell lines was used. Cystatin E/M and C were analyzed in cell media by immunoblotting and ELISA. Legumain, cathepsin B and L were analyzed in cell lysates by immunoblotting and their enzymatic activities were analyzed by peptide substrates. Two melanoma cell lines lacking detectable secretion of cystatin E/M were transfected with a cystatin E/M expression plasmid (pCST6), and migration and invasiveness were studied by a Matrigel invasion assay.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Cystatin E/M was undetectable in media from all established melanoma cell lines examined, whereas strong immunobands were detected in two of five primary melanoma lines and in two of six lines derived from patients with metastatic disease. Among the four melanoma lines secreting cystatin E/M, the glycosylated form (17 kD) was predominant compared to the non-glycosylated form (14 kD). Legumain, cathepsin B and L were expressed and active in most of the cell lines, although at low levels in the melanomas expressing cystatin E/M. In the melanoma lines where cystatin E/M was secreted, cystatin C was generally absent or expressed at a very low level. When melanoma cells lacking secretion of cystatin E/M were transfected with pCST6, their intracellular legumain activity was significantly inhibited. In contrast, cathepsin B activity was not affected. Furthermore, invasion was suppressed in cystatin E/M over-expressing melanoma cell lines as measured by the transwell Matrigel assay.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These results suggest that the level of cystatin E/M regulates legumain activity and hence the invasive potential of human melanoma cells.</p

Condicionamento físico aplicado a doenças cardiovasculares

Tendo em vista a relevância da prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares, este artigo visa discutir alguns aspectos relativos à prevenção cardíaca primária e secundária a partir de um programa de condicionamento físico especializado. A prática da atividade física regular é utilizada tanto para a prevenção como para a reabilitação das doenças cardiovasculares. Um bom programa de condicionamento físico produz alterações fisiológicas crônicas nos sistemas cardiovascular e neurovegetativo e na secreção hormonal, constituindo expressivas modificações no que diz respeito à prevenção, estabilização e até regressão do quadro degenerativo das cardiopatias. A supervisão do paciente durante a sessão de condicionamento físico é essencial, pois a incidência de complicações cardiovasculares é maior nestes, quando comparados com adultos aparentemente saudáveis; com isso, a segurança e a qualidade do programa ficam salvaguardadas. Um aspecto muito importante é a necessidade da prescrição de exercício individualizada, tanto na prevenção primária como nas três fases de prevenção secundária. Essa prescrição deve respeitar os princípios do treinamento físico e os componentes básicos do programa: freqüência e duração, que são valores absolutos, e a intensidade, que é o fator crítico da prescrição, pois é relativa e envolve fatores como diferença entre os sexos, nível de aptidão física e idad

Properties of Monoids That Are Presented By Finite Convergent String-Rewriting Systems - a Survey

In recent years a number of conditions has been established that a monoid must necessarily satisfy if it is to have a presentation through some finite convergent stringrewriting system. Here we give a survey on this development, explaining these necessary conditions in detail and describing the relationships between them. 1 Introduction String-rewriting systems, also known as semi-Thue systems, have played a major role in the development of theoretical computer science. On the one hand, they give a calculus that is equivalent to that of the Turing machine (see, e.g., [Dav58]), and in this way they capture the notion of `effective computability&apos; that is central to computer science. On the other hand, in the phrase-structure grammars introduced by N. Chomsky they are used as sets of productions, which form the essential part of these grammars [HoUl79]. In this way string-rewriting systems are at the very heart of formal language theory. Finally, they are also used in combinatorial semig..