MOBILIDADE DO SULFENTRAZONE EM SOLOS COM DIFERENTES CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICAS E QUÍMICAS

RESUMO O conhecimento dos fatores que influenciam a lixiviação dos herbicidas no solo é fundamental para sua utilização de forma segura, do ponto de vista técnico e ambiental. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a mobilidade do sulfentrazone em quatro solos provenientes de uma área de reflorestamento da região Sul do Brasil (Planossolo Háplico, Argissolo Vermelho, Cambissolo Húmico e Neossolo Regolítico) e um Latosso Vermelho-Amarelo da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. As amostras de solo foram coletadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm e caracterizadas física e quimicamente. Os substratos foram colocados em colunas e, posteriormente, aplicou-se, nos topos delas, 1,0 kg ha-1 do herbicida, seguido de uma chuva simulada de 60 mm. Após a drenagem da água, foram semeadas ao longo da coluna sementes da espécie Sorghum bicolor , como planta bioindicadora da presença do sulfentrazone; 21 dias após o plantio, foi realizada a avaliação visual da intoxicação das plantas de sorgo e a coleta da parte aérea delas para determinação da matéria seca. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As colunas preenchidas com cada um dos solos constituíram as parcelas, e as 10 profundidades da coluna (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45 e 45-50 cm), as subparcelas, mais uma testemunha sem herbicida para cada solo. Os teores de argila e matéria orgânica e o pH de cada solo influenciaram na mobilidade do sulfentrazone; solos com menores teores de argila e matéria orgânica apresentaram maior potencial de lixiviação desse herbicida

Sorção do sulfentrazone em diferentes tipos de solo determinada por bioensaios

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o potencial de sorção do sulfentrazone em cinco diferentes tipos de solo, por meio da técnica do bioensaio. O comportamento do herbicida foi estudado nos seguintes tipos de solo: Planossolo Háplico, Argissolo Vermelho, Cambissolo Húmico, Neossolo Regolítico e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, além de um controle, apenas com areia lavada. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e os tratamentos foram constituídos de sete doses crescentes do sulfentrazone em cada um dos tipos de solo. Aos 21 dias após emergência, realizou-se a colheita da planta indicadora e foi determinada a massa da matéria seca, bem como a dose do herbicida capaz de reduzir em 50% o acúmulo de massa da matéria seca das plantas indicadoras (C50). Com esses dados calculou-se a relação de sorção (RS) do sulfentrazone, por meio da comparação da relação dos resultados da C50 de cada solo com a C50 obtida na areia lavada. Os valores de RSdiferiram para os diferentes solos, apresentando a seguinte ordem crescente: Planossolo Háplico < Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo < Argissolo Vermelho < Cambissolo Húmico < Neossolo Regolítico; os solos com maiores teores de matéria orgânica apresentaram os maiores RS e pH de cada solo. Conclui-se que a sorção do sulfentrazone é influenciada pelo teor de matéria orgânica e pH dos solos

Plasma lipid profiles discriminate bacterial from viral infection in febrile children

Fever is the most common reason that children present to Emergency Departments. Clinical signs and symptoms suggestive of bacterial infection ar

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. Findings: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. Interpretation: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries