23 research outputs found

    Swine influenza: Epidemiological situation in France

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    Serological and virus identification studies have been carried out in France to assess the epidemiological situation of the swine population. At the end of the 70’s, the serological profile in pig farms was dominated by the presence of A/H3N2 antibodies, associated with epidemics of human influenza. Since then, epizootic outbreaks have succeeded one another in the pig. The disease is now both enzootic and epizootic. Since the early 2000s, swine influenza in France occurs mainly in Brittany, where pig density is the highest. Its economic impact is considerable in pig farms of that area. The disease is caused by the influenza A/H1 virus of avian origin (A/H1N1) or by reassortants (A/H1N2). As influenza viruses are unstable, detection tools need permanent updating to guarantee an effective epidemiological surveillance.La situation épidémiologique du cheptel porcin français est appréhendée au travers d'études sérologiques ainsi que de recherches virales. À la fin des années 1970,le profil sérologique des élevages est dominé par la présence d'anticorps A/H3N2 correspondant à des épidémies de grippe humaine. Par la suite, des vagues épizootiques ont déferlé. La maladie se présente désormais sous une forme enzootique et épizootique. Depuis le début des années 2000, la grippe du porc en France concerne avant tout les élevages de Bretagne, où la densité porcine est la plus élevée. Elle a un impact économique considérable dans les élevages de cette région. L'activité grippale est le fait de virus A/H1 d'origine aviaire (A/H1N1) ou de réassortants (A/H1N2). L'instabilité des virus grippaux suppose d'adapter régulièrement les outils de détection afin de permettre une épidémiosurveillance efficace

    La gale (une parasitose ancienne mais toujours d'actualité)

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    La gale humaine est une affection de la peau et des phanères due à la femelle d'un acarien : Sarcoptes scabiei variété hominis. Cette parasitose est souvent associée à un prurit à recrudescence nocturne et à l'apparition de lésions cutanées caractéristiques. Cette maladie contagieuse est encore relativement méconnue ce qui provoque souvent un retard de diagnostic à l'origine de fréquentes épidémies de gale, notamment dans les milieux où la promiscuité inter-individus est élevée (maisons de retraite, services hospitaliers, milieux défavorisés...). Bien que cette parasitose soit considérée comme une pathologie très ancienne, elle reste une maladie d'actualité comme en témoigne l'épidémie qui a touché les hôpitaux de Thiers et d'Ambert en 2007. Après un bref historique, puis une description du parasite et de la pathologie associée, ce travail abordera le diagnostic et les traitements de cette parasitose, ainsi que les mesures de prévention prises pour éviter la propagation du parasite au sein des communautés. L'épidémie de gale apparue entre fin 2006 et 2007 dans le Puy-de-Dôme sera détaillée. Ceci permettra d'aborder les moyens mis en oeuvre lors d'une épidémie, tout en soulignant le rôle du pharmacien d'officine dans le cadre de cette parasitose.CLERMONT FD-BCIU-Santé (631132104) / SudocLYON1-BU Santé (693882101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Factors of change and cumulative factors in self-rated health trajectories: A systematic review

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    In Western societies, self-rated health (SRH) inequalities have increased over the past decades. Longitudinal studies suggest that the SRH trajectories of disadvantaged populations are declining at a faster rate than those of advantaged populations, resulting in an accumulation of (dis)advantages over the life course, as postulated by the Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage (CAD) model. The objectives of this study are to conduct a systematic review of the factors influencing SRH trajectories in the adult population and to assess to what extent the findings support the CAD model. Based on the inclusion criteria, 36 articles, using 15 nationally representative databases, were reviewed. The results show that young age, high socioeconomic position and marital transitions (entering a partnership) are advantageous factors of change in SRH trajectories. However, evidence for cumulative influences supporting the CAD model remains limited: gender, ethnicity, education and employment status are only moderately associated with growing influences over time, and the cumulative influences of income, occupation, age and marital status are weak. In conclusion, this systematic review provides consolidated evidence on the factors influencing SRH trajectories, though the inclusion of only 15 nationally representative databases may limit the generalization of the results

    Efficiency of population-dependent sulfite against Brettanomyces bruxellensis in red wine

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    International audienceBrettanomyces bruxellensis is considered as a spoilage yeast encountered mainly in red wine. It is able to reduce vinylphenols from phenolic acids to ethylphenols. These volatiles are responsible for the phenolic "Brett character" described as animal, farm, horse sweat and animal leather odors. Other molecules are responsible for organoleptic deviations described as "mousiness taint". SO2 is the product most often used by winemakers to prevent B. bruxellensis growth. Usually, the recommended molecular dose of SO2 (active SO2, mSO(2)) is highly variable, from 03 to 0.8 mg/L. But these doses do not take into account differences of strain resistance to sulfites or population levels. Moreover, SO2 is known as a chemical stressor inducing a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state of B. bruxellensis. These cells, which are non-detectable by plate counting, can lead to new contamination when the amount of sulfite decreases over time. Consequently, we first assessed the effect of SO2 levels in red wine on two strains with phenotypically different sulfite resistances. Then, we studied the relationship between amounts of SO2 (0, 0.5, 0.9 and 1.1 mg/L active SO2) and population levels (10(3), 10(4) and 10(5) cells/mL) in red wine. Yeasts were enumerated by both plate counting and flow cytometry over time using viability dye. Our results showed different SO2 resistances according to the strain used. A relationship between yeast population level and SO2 resistance was demonstrated: the higher the yeast concentration, the lower the efficiency of SO2. Under certain conditions, the VBNC state of B. bruxellensis was highlighted in red wine. Yeasts in this VBNC state did not produce 4-EP. Moreover, cells became culturable again over time. All these results provide new information enabling better management of sulfite addition during wine aging

    L’efficacité du sulfite sur Brettanomyces bruxellensis dépend de la population présente

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    International audienceBrettanomyces bruxellensis est une levure d’altération du vin avec de faibles besoins nutritionnels, résistante à l’éthanol et aux faibles pH, lui permettant une implantation en vin durant ou après la fermentation alcoolique (Conterno et al., 2006). B. bruxellensis est capable de produire des phénols volatils (éthyl-4-phénol, éthyl-4-gaïacol et éthyl-4-catéchol) (Oelofse et al., 2008). Ces molécules volatiles odorantes amènent un caractère phénolé et animal au vin connu sous le nom de « caractère Brett ». D’autres molécules (2-acetyltetrahydropyridine and 2-ethyltetrahydropyridine) produites par B. bruxellensis sont également responsables d’une déviation organoleptique appelée communément « goût de souris ». C’est pourquoi, différents traitements sont disponibles pour prévenir les contaminations par B. bruxellensis. Le sulfite reste le principal adjuvant utilisé pour éviter le développement de B. bruxellensis. Cependant, l’évaluation de l’efficacité du sulfite est complexe car cette levure peut être plus ou moins tolérante à ce traitement et l’efficacité est connue pour être souche dépendante (Barata et al., 2008)

    Use of consensus sequences for the design of high density resequencing microarrays: the influenza virus paradigm

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    International audienceBackgroundA resequencing microarray called PathogenID v2.0 has been developed and used to explore various strategies of sequence selection for its design. The part dedicated to influenza viruses was based on consensus sequences specific for one gene generated from global alignments of a large number of influenza virus sequences available in databanks.ResultsFor each HA (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7 and H9) and NA (N1, N2 and N7) molecular type chosen to be tested, 1 to 3 consensus sequences were computed and tiled on the microarray. A total of 12 influenza virus samples from different host origins (humans, pigs, horses and birds) and isolated over a period of about 50 years were used in this study. Influenza viruses were correctly identified, and in most cases with the accurate information of the time of their emergence.ConclusionsPathogenID v2.0 microarray demonstrated its ability to type and subtype influenza viruses, often to the level of viral variants, with a minimum number of tiled sequences. This validated the strategy of using consensus sequences, which do not exist in nature, for our microarray design. The versatility, rapidity and high discriminatory power of the PathogenID v2.0 microarray could prove critical to detect and identify viral genome reassortment events resulting in a novel virus with epidemic or pandemic potential and therefore assist health authorities to make efficient decisions about patient treatment and outbreak management

    Diversité des Brettanomyces et de leur résistance au SO2. Les nouvelles avancées vers une meilleure gestion du SO2 en vinification.

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    Article de revue professionnelleDes recherches ont été menées par le Groupe National « Lutte contre Brettanomyces » et plus particulièrement sur la relation SO2 et Brettanomyces bruxellensis afin d’approfondir les connaissances sur le comportement de la levure et d’apporter des données essentielles à une bonne gestion du risque. Une grande diversité de la levure Brettanomyces a été mise en évidence (identification de différents groupes génétiques) ainsi que des comportements différents vis-à-vis du SO2 : sensibles, tolérants ou résistant. Grâce à la mise au point d’un outil prédictif (TYP \ Brett), les professionnels pourront connaître le groupe génétique pour mieux intervenir. Ces travaux ont également mis en évidence la nécessité d’adapter la dose de SO2 actif en fonction du niveau de population de B. bruxellensis, mais également l’importance d’avoir des méthodes de détection estimant les niveaux de contamination réels de population viable en s’affranchissant des faux positifs (levures mortes ou viables non-cultivables). Un outil d’aide à la décision, le modèle Brett permettra de prédire le risque de développement de B. bruxellensis et la production de phénols en fonction des paramètres œnologiques du vin notamment la dose de SO2 actif. Il sera d’une grande utilité aux vignerons dans la lutte du risque Brettanomyces

    Two Chikungunya isolates from the outbreak of La Reunion (Indian Ocean) exhibit different patterns of infection in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus.

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    A Chikungunya (CHIK) outbreak hit La RĂ©union Island in 2005-2006. The implicated vector was Aedes albopictus. Here, we present the first study on the susceptibility of Ae. albopictus populations to sympatric CHIKV isolates from La RĂ©union Island and compare it to other virus/vector combinations.We orally infected 8 Ae. albopictus collections from La RĂ©union and 3 from Mayotte collected in March 2006 with two Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from La RĂ©union: (i) strain 05.115 collected in June 2005 with an Alanine at the position 226 of the glycoprotein E1 and (ii) strain 06.21 collected in November 2005 with a substitution A226V. Two other CHIKV isolates and four additional mosquito strains/species were also tested. The viral titer of the infectious blood-meal was 10(7) plaque forming units (pfu)/mL. Dissemination rates were assessed by immunofluorescent staining on head squashes of surviving females 14 days after infection. Rates were at least two times higher with CHIKV 06.21 compared to CHIKV 05.115. In addition, 10 individuals were analyzed every day by quantitative RT-PCR. Viral RNA was quantified on (i) whole females and (ii) midguts and salivary glands of infected females. When comparing profiles, CHIKV 06.21 produced nearly 2 log more viral RNA copies than CHIKV 05.115. Furthermore, females infected with CHIKV 05.115 could be divided in two categories: weakly susceptible or strongly susceptible, comparable to those infected by CHIKV 06.21. Histological analysis detected the presence of CHIKV in salivary glands two days after infection. In addition, Ae. albopictus from La RĂ©union was as efficient vector as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Vietnam when infected with the CHIKV 06.21.Our findings support the hypothesis that the CHIK outbreak in La RĂ©union Island was due to a highly competent vector Ae. albopictus which allowed an efficient replication and dissemination of CHIKV 06.21
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