Recent economic development and outlook in industrial countries

The upswing in Europe, North America and Japan since mid-1975 has been unsteady. It has been sufficiently modest to allow a — however slight — decline of inflation rates. Since economic policy refrained from massive reflation, the shortrun outlook remains for a moderate recovery with no rekindling of inflation. High unemployment and weak investment can partly be attributed to the abrupt change to a restrictive course in 1973/1974 which led to unintended increases of real wages and to a dramatic profit squeeze. Moreover, there have been increasing changes in the structure of demand and production techniques as well as political uncertainties which have prevented a marked improvement of the investment climate. This diagnosis calls for a steady economic policy, less aggressive wage policy, and incentives to promote innovative spirit and risk taking. Although money illusion and exchange rate illusion have largely vanished and reduced the effectiveness of short-term stimulation measures, most countries are far from pursuing a steady and pre-announced course. In strong countries — the United States, West Germany and Japan — the reduction of the share of public absorption especially through a shortfall of public investment since 1974 was a retarding factor for improving employment and growth. In weak countries — for example the United Kingdom and Italy — an easy money policy continued to produce high inflation rates and increasing external imbalances. Only after drastic exchange rate depreciations in 1976 did these countries — sometimes too drastically — turn to a restrictive policy course. Cooperation in matters of economic policy, often misunderstood as the sharing of evils, should be designed as help for self-help. International credits should be granted under the condition that the recipient country pursues a stability-oriented policy and refrains from restricting trade. --

La cultura del agua en Vélez Blanco y su puesta en valor (1500-2015)

The network of irrigation canals and reservoirs in the Los Vélez region, in the north of the province of Almeria, has been documented as tangible cultural heritage for some 500 years. But the region’s «water culture» also has an intangible aspect involving water-related management, conflicts and jurisdiction. The article traces this history of the irrigation at Vélez Blanco starting from the implantation of the feudal rule until today and embeds it in the development of legal history in the jurisdiction of water issues of various matters: law of succession, ownership and titles. We conclude with a reference to the 21st century and the value of historical and archival sources as well as the founding of an information center and the installation of educational trails to promote cultural tourism.La red de canales de riego y embalses en la región de Los Vélez, en el norte de la provincia de Almería, está documentada como patrimonio cultural tangible desde hace unos 500 años. Pero la «cultura del agua» de la región también tiene un aspecto intangible que implica la gestión, los conflictos y jurisdicción relacionados con el agua. Este artículo traza la historia del riego en Vélez Blanco partiendo de la implantación del régimen señorial hasta nuestros días y la enmarca en la evolución de la historia del Derecho referente a la jurisdicción sobre los problemas relacionados con el agua en diversas materias: derecho de sucesión, la propiedad y los títulos. Se concluye con una referencia al siglo XXI respecto al valor de las fuentes históricas y archivísticas, así como la fundación de un centro de interpretación y la instalación de rutas didácticas para promover el turismo cultural

BARRIOS AGUILERA, Manuel, GALÁN SÁNCHEZ, Ángel (eds.), La historia del Reino de Granada a debate. Viejos y nuevos temas. Perspectivas de estudio, Diputación Provincial de Málaga, Málaga, 2004, 751 pp.

Artículo de la sección: *Departamento de Historia Moderna y de América, Universidad de Granada

BARRIOS AGUILERA, Manuel, GALÁN SÁNCHEZ, Ángel (eds.), La historia del Reino de Granada a debate. Viejos y nuevos temas. Perspectivas de estudio, Diputación Provincial de Málaga, Málaga, 2004, 751 pp.

Artículo de la sección: *Departamento de Historia Moderna y de América, Universidad de Granada

Alimentos y Arte para el Cambio: La Labor de la Asociación AlVelAl para Restaurar el Paisaje

Since 2015, the AlVelAl association works on an area of more than one million hectares in the northeast of Andalusia and northwest of Murcia in the restoration of the environmental, social and economic landscape with a holistic concept of 3 zones, 4 returns and a minimum of 20 years. One of these returns is that of inspiration to enhance the culture of the territory and strengthen the self-esteem and sense of belonging of the local population through various cultural activities, some more traditional such as routes and colloquiums, but others being authentic pilot projects, such as "AlVelAl 8000", "Sounds of Resilience" or, in cooperation with Australia and South Africa, on rock art as an inspiration for contemporary artists to restore the landscape. The ambitious project "Destination AlVelAl" with the TUI Care Foundation aims to connect the producers of the AlVelAl territory with the tourist centers of the south east coast of Spain and train local gastronomes in the use of sustainable local products, rescuing the local culinary tradition in combination with the gastronomic innovationDesde 2015 la asociación AlVelAl trabaja en una superficie de más de un millón de hectáreas del noreste de Andalucía y noroeste de Murcia en la restauración del paisaje ambiental, social y económico con un concepto holístico de 3 zonas, 4 retornos y un mínimo de 20 años. Uno de estos retornos es el de la inspiración para poner en valor la cultura del territorio y reforzar la autoestima y sentido de pertenencia de la población local mediante varias actividades culturales, algunas más tradicionales como rutas y coloquios, pero otras siendo auténticos proyectos pilotos, como “AlVelAl 8000”, “Sounds of Resilience” o, en cooperación con Australia y Sudáfrica, sobre el arte rupestre como inspiración para artistas contemporáneos para restaurar el paisaje. El ambicioso proyecto “Destination AlVelAl” con la TUI Care Foundation pretende conectar los productores del territorio AlVelAl con los centros turísticos de la costa del sureste de España y formar a cocineros locales en el uso de productos locales sostenibles rescatando la tradición culinaria local en combinación con la innovación gastronómica.Desde 2015 la asociación AlVelAl trabaja en una superficie de más de un millón de hectáreas del noreste de Andalucía y noroeste de Murcia en la restauración del paisaje ambiental, social y económico con un concepto holístico de 3 zonas, 4 retornos y un mínimo de 20 años. Uno de estos retornos es el de la inspiración para poner en valor la cultura del territorio y reforzar la autoestima y sentido de pertenencia de la población local mediante varias actividades culturales, algunas más tradicionales como rutas y coloquios, pero otras siendo auténticos proyectos pilotos, como “AlVelAl 8000”, “Sounds of Resilience” o, en cooperación con Australia y Sudáfrica, sobre el arte rupestre como inspiración para artistas contemporáneos para restaurar el paisaje. El ambicioso proyecto “Destination AlVelAl” con la TUI Care Foundation pretende conectar los productores del territorio AlVelAl con los centros turísticos de la costa del sureste de España y formar a cocineros locales en el uso de productos locales sostenibles rescatando la tradición culinaria local en combinación con la innovación gastronómica

Isotropy of mechanical properties and environmental stress crack sensitivity in injection‐ and injection‐compression molding of polystyrene with different mold temperature

Abstract In addition to conventional injection‐compression molding and injection molding with dynamic process temperature control, a synergistic combination of both processes has recently been applied in dynamic temperature‐controlled injection‐compression molding. The two‐dimensional holding pressure effect in combination with the long maintenance of the flowability of the melt due to high mold temperature enables particularly large flow path to wall thickness ratios. In the most cases, only the optimized molding of microstructures and aspect ratios is considered without including the changed internal structure of such manufactured components. In the course of this investigation, the influence of different process strategies under variation of the mold temperature on production‐related anisotropies in the mechanical properties and stress crack sensitivity of thin‐walled polystyrene components was examined. The determined mechanical properties are significantly below the values given in the data sheet of the material in the adapted process variant of injection‐compression molding with high mold temperature. However, the results also show a clear homogenization of the direction‐ and flow path‐dependent mechanical properties. In contrast, components produced in this way tend to show increased environmental stress crack sensitivity. This could be attributed to significantly reduced orientations as a result of the favorably proceeding orientation relaxation

Recent economic development and outlook in industrial countries

The upswing in Europe, North America and Japan since mid-1975 has been unsteady. It has been sufficiently modest to allow a — however slight — decline of inflation rates. Since economic policy refrained from massive reflation, the shortrun outlook remains for a moderate recovery with no rekindling of inflation. High unemployment and weak investment can partly be attributed to the abrupt change to a restrictive course in 1973/1974 which led to unintended increases of real wages and to a dramatic profit squeeze. Moreover, there have been increasing changes in the structure of demand and production techniques as well as political uncertainties which have prevented a marked improvement of the investment climate. This diagnosis calls for a steady economic policy, less aggressive wage policy, and incentives to promote innovative spirit and risk taking. Although money illusion and exchange rate illusion have largely vanished and reduced the effectiveness of short-term stimulation measures, most countries are far from pursuing a steady and pre-announced course. In strong countries — the United States, West Germany and Japan — the reduction of the share of public absorption especially through a shortfall of public investment since 1974 was a retarding factor for improving employment and growth. In weak countries — for example the United Kingdom and Italy — an easy money policy continued to produce high inflation rates and increasing external imbalances. Only after drastic exchange rate depreciations in 1976 did these countries — sometimes too drastically — turn to a restrictive policy course. Cooperation in matters of economic policy, often misunderstood as the sharing of evils, should be designed as help for self-help. International credits should be granted under the condition that the recipient country pursues a stability-oriented policy and refrains from restricting trade