At the roots of Europe: post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation Ecclesia in Europe and the role of Ecclesiastical Archives

Between 1994 and 1999 the Catholic church promoted five special synods, one for each Continent of the Earth: Africa, America, Asia, Oceania and Europe. On June, 28, 2003, Pope John Paul II promulgated the post-synodal apostolic exhortation Ecclesia in Europa, addressed to the whole European Community in order to illustrate the results of the Synod of European Churches held in 1999. The document wanted to be a way for taking in consideration one’s own past and the Christian roots looking to provide the governance of the new Europe, especially in the perspective of the largest enlargement of the European Union planned between 2004 and 2007. Those cultural and Christian roots are readily available within the ecclesiastical archives of all European countries, a priceless patrimony which, after the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic church aimed to enhance more and more. The present work illustrates the main documents that led the Church to highlight the importance of the ecclesiastical archives in the European history by a brief analysis of the apostolic exhortation Ecclesia in Europa.Entre 1994 y 1999, la Iglesia Católica promovió cinco sínodos especiales, uno para cada Continente de la Tierra: África, América, Asia, Oceanía y Europa. El 28 de junio de 2003, el Papa Juan Pablo II promulgó la exhortación apostólica post-sinodal Ecclesia in Europa, dirigida a toda la Comunidad Europea, a instituciones y ciudadanos, para ilustrar los resultados del Sínodo de las Iglesias europeas. El documento quería ser una invitación a considerar su pasado, sus raíces cristianas, en el gobierno de la nueva Europa, especialmente en vista de la mayor ampliación de la Unión Europea planeada entre 2004 y 2007. Esas raíces culturales y cristianas están fácilmente disponibles en los archivos eclesiásticos de todos los países europeos, un patrimonio único y que, después del Concilio Vaticano II, la Iglesia católica ha mejorado mucho. La comunicación investiga los principales documentos que llevaron a la Iglesia a este importante camino de conocimiento de los archivos, también a la luz de un breve análisis del texto de la exhortación apostólica Ecclesia in Europa, con el fin de que la gente entienda el papel de los archivos eclesiásticos en la historia europea

Archaeology and archaeological discourse in pre-Independence Malta

This paper argues that the institution of the Missione Archeologica Italiana a Malta in 1963 is the offspring of the archaeological policies endorsed by the Nationalist Party (PN) that guided Malta to Independence. By looking at the archaeological debate in 1950s - early 1960s Malta this paper suggests that the revival of post-prehistoric studies by the Italians suited the cultural aspirations of the PN government and provided an effective answer to the colonial control of the discipline set out earlier by the British with the Malta Ancient Monuments Survey.peer-reviewe

Description of the immature stages of the planthopper Lacertinella australis (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The five immature stages of the planthopper Lacertinella australis(Remes Lenicov and Rossi Batiz) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae: Saccharosydnini) are described and illustrated. The main characters that al-lowed us to distinguish the various stages were body size, number of tarsomeres and metatibial spines, and number of teeth on the spur. New biological data based on laboratory rearing and field observations showed that L. australiscan carry out its biological cycle successfully on the graminaceous pampas grass (Cortaderia spp. Stapf (Poales: Poaceae)). In addition, the efficient rearing in captivity, the high survivor-ship registered, and overwintering only on this host plant suggests that L. australisis a potential biocontrol agent of this invasive graminaceous weed. This study provides information about the immature stages, including a key for their identification, based on laboratory reared specimens and field observations.Se describen e ilustran las cinco etapas inmaduras de la especie de Saccharisydnini Lacertinella australis(Remes Lenicov and Rossi Batiz) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Los principales caracteres que permitieron distinguir las diferentes etapas fueron: tamaño corporal, número de espinas en los tarsómeros y metatibia y número de dientes en el espolón tibial. Nuevos datos biológicos, basados en la cría de laboratorio y obser-vaciones de campo, mostraron que L. australispuede realizar su ciclo biológico exitosamente en la graminácea cortadera (Cortaderiaspp. Stapf (Poales: Poaceae)). Además, la eficiente crianza en cautive-rio y la alta supervivencia registrada en esta planta hospedera, sugieren que L. australis podría ser usada como un potencial agente de control biológico de esta maleza invasora. Este estudio proporciona informa-ción sobre las etapas inmaduras, incluyendo una clave para su identificación, basada en individuos provenientes de la cría de laboratorio y de campoFil: Rossi Batiz, Maria Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Entomología; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Marino, Ana Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Entomología; Argentin

Decoding the "Free/Open Source(F/OSS) Software Puzzle" a survey of theoretical and empirical contributions

F/OSS software has been described by many as a puzzle. In the past five years, it has stimulated the curiosity of scholars in a variety of fields, including economics, law, psychology, anthropology and computer science, so that the number of contributions on the subject has increased exponentially. The purpose of this paper is to provide a sufficiently comprehensive account of these contributions in order to draw some general conclusions on the state of our understanding of the phenomenon and identify directions for future research. The exercise suggests that what is puzzling about F/OSS is not so much the fact that people freely contribute to a good they make available to all, but rather the complexity of its institutional structure and its ability to organizationally evolve over time.F/OSS software, Innovation, Incentives, Governance, Intellectual Property Rights

The structure of the inverse system of Gorenstein k-algebras

Macaulay's Inverse System gives an effective method to construct Artinian Gorenstein k-algebras. To date a general structure for Gorenstein k-algebras of any dimension (and codimension) is not understood. In this paper we extend Macaulay's correspondence characterizing the submodules of the divided power ring in one-to-one correspondence with Gorenstein d-dimensional k-algebras. We discuss effective methods for constructing Gorenstein graded rings. Several examples illustrating our results are given.Comment: 19 pages, to appear in Advances in Mathematic