FT-MIR determination of taste-related compounds in tomato: a high throughput phenotyping analysis for selection programs

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Ibáñez, Ginés, Mercedes Valcárcel, Jaime Cebolla-Cornejo, and Salvador Roselló. 2019. FT-MIR Determination of Taste-related Compounds in Tomato: A High Throughput Phenotyping Analysis for Selection Programs. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 99 (11). Wiley: 5140 48. doi:10.1002/jsfa.9760, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9760. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] BACKGROUND: Tomato taste is defined by the accumulation of sugars and organic acids. Individual analyses of these compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) are expensive, time-consuming and are not feasible for large number of samples, justifying the interest of spectroscopic methods such as Fourier-transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR). This work analyzed the performance of FT-MIR models to determine the accumulation of sugars and acids, considering the efficiency of models obtained with different ranges of variation. RESULTS: FT-MIR spectra (five-bounce attenuated total reflectance, ATR) were used to obtain partial least squares (PLS) models to predict sugar and acid contents in specific sample sets representing different varietal types. A general model was also developed, obtaining R-2 values for prediction higher than 0.84 for main components (soluble solids content, fructose, glucose, and citric acid). Root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) for these components were lower than 15% of the mean contents and lower than 6% of the highest contents. Even more, the model sensitivity and specificity for those variables with a 10% selection pressure was 100%. That means that all samples with the 10% highest content were correctly identified. The model was applied to an external assay and it exhibited, for main components, high sensitivities (> 70%) and specificities (> 96%). RMSEP values for main compounds were lower than 21% and 13% of the mean and maximum content respectively. CONCLUSION: The models obtained confirm the effectiveness of FT-MIR models to select samples with high contents of taste-related compounds, even when the calibration has not been performed within the same assay. (c) 2019 Society of Chemical IndustryThis research was performed despite the lack of direct public funding for its development and thanks to the enthusiasm of the authors. The authors thank Dr Lahoz and Dr Campillo for providing samples of processing tomato. G. Ibanez thanks Universitat Jaume I for funding his pre-doctoral grant (PREDOC/2015/45).Ibañez, G.; Valcárcel-Germes, M.; Cebolla Cornejo, J.; Rosello Ripolles, S. (2019). FT-MIR determination of taste-related compounds in tomato: a high throughput phenotyping analysis for selection programs. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 99(11):5140-5148. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9760514051489911Davies, J. N., Hobson, G. E., & McGlasson, W. B. (1981). The constituents of tomato fruit — the influence of environment, nutrition, and genotype. C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 15(3), 205-280. doi:10.1080/10408398109527317Díaz de León-Sánchez, F., Pelayo-Zaldívar, C., Rivera-Cabrera, F., Ponce-Valadez, M., Ávila-Alejandre, X., Fernández, F. J., … Pérez-Flores, L. J. (2009). Effect of refrigerated storage on aroma and alcohol dehydrogenase activity in tomato fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 54(2), 93-100. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2009.07.003Cebolla-Cornejo, J., Valcárcel, M., Herrero-Martínez, J. M., Roselló, S., & Nuez, F. (2012). High efficiency joint CZE determination of sugars and acids in vegetables and fruits. ELECTROPHORESIS, 33(15), 2416-2423. doi:10.1002/elps.201100640Nicolaï, B. M., Beullens, K., Bobelyn, E., Peirs, A., Saeys, W., Theron, K. I., & Lammertyn, J. (2007). Nondestructive measurement of fruit and vegetable quality by means of NIR spectroscopy: A review. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 46(2), 99-118. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.06.024Lahoz, I., Leiva-Brondo, M., Martí, R., Macua, J. I., Campillo, C., Roselló, S., & Cebolla-Cornejo, J. (2016). Influence of high lycopene varieties and organic farming on the production and quality of processing tomato. Scientia Horticulturae, 204, 128-137. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.042Martí, R., Valcárcel, M., Leiva-Brondo, M., Lahoz, I., Campillo, C., Roselló, S., & Cebolla-Cornejo, J. (2018). Influence of controlled deficit irrigation on tomato functional value. Food Chemistry, 252, 250-257. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.098Fearn, T. (2002). Assessing Calibrations: SEP, RPD, RER and R2. NIR news, 13(6), 12-13. doi:10.1255/nirn.689Vermeir, S., Beullens, K., Mészáros, P., Polshin, E., Nicolaï, B. M., & Lammertyn, J. (2009). Sequential injection ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for taste analysis in tomato. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 137(2), 715-721. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.01.056Lin, T., Zhu, G., Zhang, J., Xu, X., Yu, Q., Zheng, Z., … Huang, S. (2014). Genomic analyses provide insights into the history of tomato breeding. Nature Genetics, 46(11), 1220-1226. doi:10.1038/ng.3117Ursem, R., Tikunov, Y., Bovy, A., van Berloo, R., & van Eeuwijk, F. (2008). A correlation network approach to metabolic data analysis for tomato fruits. Euphytica, 161(1-2), 181-193. doi:10.1007/s10681-008-9672-yBeullens, K., Kirsanov, D., Irudayaraj, J., Rudnitskaya, A., Legin, A., Nicolaï, B. M., & Lammertyn, J. (2006). The electronic tongue and ATR–FTIR for rapid detection of sugars and acids in tomatoes. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 116(1-2), 107-115. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2005.11.084Rudnitskaya, A., Kirsanov, D., Legin, A., Beullens, K., Lammertyn, J., Nicolaï, B. M., & Irudayaraj, J. (2006). Analysis of apples varieties – comparison of electronic tongue with different analytical techniques. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 116(1-2), 23-28. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2005.11.069GALIANA-BALAGUER, L., IBÁÑEZ, G., CEBOLLA-CORNEJO, J., & ROSELLÓ, S. (2018). Evaluation of germplasm in Solanum section Lycopersicon for tomato taste improvement. TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, 42(5), 309-321. doi:10.3906/tar-1712-6

High throughput FT-MIR indirect analysis of sugars and acids in watermelon

[EN] Indirect measurements of taste-related compounds are required when a high number of samples has to be analyzed in a short period of time, with a minimum cost. For this purpose, FT-MIR partial least square (PLS) regression models for the prediction of total soluble solids, sugars and organic acids have been developed using three sample sets including breeding lines and commercial varieties of watermelon. Specific models with excellent performance were obtained only for sugars. Nevertheless, a general model supposed a compromise between the best and worse models and offered %RMSEP values of 11.3%, 11.1% and 11.7% for fructose, glucose and sucrose respectively. The model was applied to the selection of high content samples (selection pressure 20% and 30%) obtaining good sensitivity levels and mean percentile of selected samples close to the expected values (100% sensitivity). The robustness of FT-MIR models was assessed with predictions of external assays, obtaining reasonable performances.Martí-Renau, R.; Sánchez, G.; Rosello Ripolles, S.; Valcárcel-Germes, M.; Cebolla Cornejo, J. (2019). High throughput FT-MIR indirect analysis of sugars and acids in watermelon. Food Chemistry. 300:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125227S1930

Simultaneous determination of main phenolic acids and flavonoids in tomato by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis

[EN] A methodology for the determination of tomato phenolic acids and flavonoids has been developed combining MEKC and DAD detection. The influence on polyphenol separation of pH and background electrolyte, BGE (borax, acetonitrile, methanol and SDS concentrations), was studied and optimized using response surface methodology and weighted desirability function. Separation of polyphenols was achieved within 20 min at 15 degrees C using 11.3 mM borax and 11.2 mM SDS adjusted to pH 8.5 as BGE. Validation was performed using standards and tomato extracts. Recoveries ranged from 77 to 106%. Acceptable repeatabilities were obtained for peak area (% RSD <3.1% and <3.7%) and migration times (% RSD <0.2% and <1.4%) for intra-and inter-day respectively. Detection limits ranged between 0.8 and 3.8 mg kg (1). Five and seven of these polyphenols were determined in samples of tomato and related species. This methodology will be valuable tool in breeding programs, analyzing a large number of samples. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This study was partially supported by Project RTA2011-00062C04 funded by Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria. J.M. H-M expreses his thanks to the project CTQ2014-52765-R (MINECO of Spain and FEDER).Martí-Renau, R.; Valcárcel Germes, M.; Herrero-Martínez, JM.; Cebolla Cornejo, J.; Rosello Ripolles, S. (2017). Simultaneous determination of main phenolic acids and flavonoids in tomato by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis. Food Chemistry. 221:439-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.105S43944622

Influence of high lycopene varieties and organic farming on the production and quality of processing tomato

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016. 03.042[EN] The effect of conventional integrated pest management and organic farming production systems on theagronomic performance and quality of standard and high lycopene tomato cvs. has been evaluated fortwo years in two of the main processing tomato producing areas of Spain (Extremadura and Navarra).As an average, the production under organic farming was on average 36% lower than in conventionalintegrated pest management. Organic farming tended show reduced contents of citric and glutamic acid.Although the contents in sugars were not significantly affected, the ratios sucrose equivalents to cit-ric and glutamic acid increased. Nevertheless, a strong influence of the environment and interactionswere detected and under certain conditions (e.g. Extremadura), organic farming may increase the con-tents in glucose and fructose. The levels of lycopene were not affected by the cultivation system, whilebeta-carotene contents were higher under organic farming. High lycopene cvs. Kalvert and ISI-24424' registered the highest lycopene levels, but with 27.6 and 28.1% lower production levels compared to H-9036', the cv. with the best agronomic performance. Kalvert , with high accumulation of sugars andhigh ratios sucrose equivalents to citric and glutamic acid and high lycopene contents would be an idealmaterial for supplying quality markets. H-9997' with intermediated levels of lycopene accumulationproved to be a good material combining production levels and functional quality. CXD-277' offered thehigher values in variables related with organoleptic quality with intermediate lycopene accumulationbut with lower production.This research was funded by INIA (RTA2011-00062, Spain), FEDER (EU) and Gobierno de Extremadura (GRU 10130, Spain).Lahoz, I.; Leiva-Brondo, M.; Martí, R.; Macua, JI.; Campillo, C.; Rosello Ripolles, S.; Cebolla Cornejo, J. (2016). Influence of high lycopene varieties and organic farming on the production and quality of processing tomato. Scientia Horticulturae. 204:128-137. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.042S12813720

Influence of controlled deficit irrigation on tomato functional value

[EN] The effect of controlled deficit irrigation (CDI) on the accumulation of carotenoids, polyphenols and l-ascorbic acid was studied in conventional and high lycopene tomato cultivars. Plants were initially irrigated to cover 100%ETc and after the fruit set phase, the dose was reduced to 75% or 50% of ETc. CDI had no significant effect on the accumulation of carotenoids, while it increased the levels of the hydroxycinnamic acids chlorogenic and ferulic acids, the flavonoid rutin and l-ascorbic acid. Nevertheless, there were important interactions and this effect was highly dependent on the year and site of cultivation. Certain growing areas would be more favorable to supply high quality markets, and, fortunately, CDI would maximize polyphenol (100¿75%ETc) and l-ascorbic acid (100¿50%ETc) in these areas. A combination of the best genotype and growing area with CDI would offer high quality products, preserving a scarce resource: water.This research was partially funded by the Spanish national government (INIA, RTA2011-00062), an Spanish regional government (Gobierno de Extremadura, GRU-10130) and the European Union (FEDER funds)Martí-Renau, R.; Valcárcel-Germes, M.; Leiva-Brondo, M.; Lahoz, I.; Campillo, C.; Rosello Ripolles, S.; Cebolla Cornejo, J. (2018). Influence of controlled deficit irrigation on tomato functional value. Food Chemistry. 252:250-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.098S25025725

Exploring alternative germplasm for the development of stable high vitamin C content in tomato varieties

The genotypic potential for high l-ascorbic acid content of 15 accessions of S. lycopersicon and S. pimpinellifolium has been evaluated in three environments, including open-air and glasshouse cultivation and two localities. The environmental effect on l-ascorbic acid accumulation was highly genotype-dependant and the variance ascribed to the G×E environment was similar in importance to that ascribed to genotype. The variation found within accession might be ascribed to microenvironmental effects associated with temperature changes and oxidative stress or population variability. Several accessions with high genotypic values (¿+G) have been identified. Among them, accession PI365959 of S. pimpinellifolium, showed a genotypic value of 293.8mgkg -1, statistically significant higher (P<0.05) than the genotypic potential of controls reported to have high l-ascorbic content (CDP4777, 115.0mgkg -1). It also showed positive G×E interactions, with a relatively high stability. Accession LA1423 of S. lycopersicon var. cerasiforme, despite being less stable, had also high genotypic values for l-ascorbic acid accumulation (197.4mgkg -1). This germplasm will be of great interest for the development of new tomato cultivars targeted to added-value markets appreciating nutritional or functional quality. The close relationship of the selected material with the cultivated tomato will enable an efficient and rapid exploitation of their potential in breeding programmes. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.Leiva-Brondo, M.; Valcárcel, M.; Cortés Olmos, C.; Rosello Ripolles, S.; Cebolla Cornejo, J.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2012). Exploring alternative germplasm for the development of stable high vitamin C content in tomato varieties. Scientia Horticulturae. 133:84-88. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.10.013S848813

Effect of deficit irrigation on the sugar and acid profile of processing tomato cultivars

The original publication is available at www.actahort.org[EN] Water deficit on tomato taste-related components was studied in standard and high lycopene cultivars. The treatment was applied once the fruits were set to avoid drastic effects on yield. Despite applying considerable reductions in water doses down to 50% ETc, the contents of fructose, malic and citric acid remained unaffected. Only glucose concentration increased with lower irrigation doses in one of the locations used for the study. The cultivar effect has a major impact in taste-related components, which might be shaded by location effects. Deficit irrigation during the last part of the growing cycle may contribute to a better water management while offering little or positive effects on the taste profile of processing tomato cultivars.This research was funded by INIA (RTA2011-00062), FEDER and Gobierno de Extremadura (GRU 10130).Valcárcel, M.; Leiva-Brondo, M.; Macua, J.; Lahoz, I.; González, A.; Campillo, C.; Rosello Ripolles, S.... (2015). Effect of deficit irrigation on the sugar and acid profile of processing tomato cultivars. Acta Horticulturae. 1081:141-146. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1081.15S141146108

Sugar and acid profile of processing tomato cultivars grown under conventional or organic conditions

The optimization of tomato taste has gained importance during the last years following consumer demands of higher quality. At the same time consumers also demand a minimum impact on the environment during cultivation. The effect of conventional and organic cultivation on the sugar and acid profile of processing cultivars has been studied in the two main growing regions in Spain. Standard and high lycopene cultivars have been used in order to study the possibility of combining organoleptic and functional quality. High differences in the acid profile (malic vs. citric) and in the sugar accumulation of the cultivars were found. In some cases, the higher values in the content of taste-related compounds coincide with previously described high lycopene contents. The cultivation system had no significant effect on malic and citric acid accumulation, but it affected sugar accumulation and the sucrose equivalents (SEq) to citric and glutamic acid ratios. On average, 7.7 and 10.4% higher contents of glucose and fructose respectively were obtained with the organic cultivation system. The SEq to citric acid and SEq to glutamic acid ratios were consequently higher with this system (8.3 and 46.3% respectively). Organic cultivation of high lycopene cultivars might be an excellent selection to combine high organoleptic and functional quality targeted to quality markets.Leiva-Brondo, M.; Martí, R.; Macua, JI.; Lahoz, I.; González, Á.; Campillo, C.; Rosello Ripolles, S.... (2015). Sugar and acid profile of processing tomato cultivars grown under conventional or organic conditions. Acta Horticulturae. 1081:181-186. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/64166S181186108

Fast simultaneous determination of prominent polyphenols in vegetables and fruits by reversed phase liquid chromatography using a fused-core column

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with photodiode array detection has been developed enabling the joint determination of 17 prominent flavonoids and phenolic acids in vegetables and fruits. A multi-segmented gradient program using a fused-core column for the separation of several phenolic classes (phenolic acids and flavonoids) has been optimised. The influence of extraction conditions (sample freeze-drying, ultrasound extraction, solvent composition and extraction time) has been also optimised using response surface methodology with tomato samples as a model. Complete recoveries (76-108%) were obtained for the phenolic compounds present in tomato. The developed method provided satisfactory repeatability in terms of peak area (RSD < 2.9%) and retention time (RSD < 0.2%) both for standards and real samples. Detection limits ranged between 3 and 44 mu g kg(-1) for the detected polyphenols. This method is recommended for routine analysis of large number of samples typical of production quality systems or plant breeding programs.This study was partially supported by Project P1-1B2011-41 funded by Universitat Jaume I research promotion plan. J.M. H-M thanks to the Project CTQ2010-15335 (MINECO of Spain and FEDER funds).Marti, R.; Valcarcel, M.; Herrero-Martinez, J.; Cebolla Cornejo, J.; Rosello Ripolles, S. (2015). Fast simultaneous determination of prominent polyphenols in vegetables and fruits by reversed phase liquid chromatography using a fused-core column. Food Chemistry. 169:169-179. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.151S16917916

Evaluation of Genotype and Environment Effects on Taste and Aroma Flavor Components of Spanish Fresh Tomato Varieties

[EN] Taste and aroma related compounds have been analyzed in a collection of four traditional varieties and two tomato hybrids, representing a wide variability in fruit shape and color, grown in different environments: screenhouse and open field. Protected cultivation tended to show lower sugar concentration (fructose and glucose) but similar acid contents (citric, malic, and glutamic acids). The decreased levels of sucrose equivalents and the similar ratios of sucrose equivalents to citric or glutamic acid contents indicated that protected cultivation, despite being useful to reduce the incidence of pests and viral diseases, reduces the organoleptic quality. Additionally, it doubles the interaccession variability and increased the level of intra-accession variability. In the case of aroma, the genotypic effect was considerably higher than the environmental component on the 12 main volatiles analyzed. Only hexanal and methyl salicylate were significantly affected by environment, while 10 out of 12 volatiles were affected by the genotype. Biplot analysis showed that, even in considerably different environments, it is possible to identify genotype-dependent main aroma profiles. In the case of 13 background volatiles, the environment showed no significant effects and the genotypic effect was lower, though it is possible to identify genotypic trends in background notes.Cebolla Cornejo, J.; Rosello Ripolles, S.; Valcárcel, M.; Serrano, E.; Beltrán, J.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2011). Evaluation of Genotype and Environment Effects on Taste and Aroma Flavor Components of Spanish Fresh Tomato Varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59(6):2440-2450. doi:10.1021/jf1045427S2440245059