A pratical and eficient approach of searches for similarity to support diagnose by images.

O objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar as características de um Sistema de Apoio ao Diagnóstico em Sistema Hospitalar Suportando Busca por Imagens Similares, a ser desenvolvido e implantado no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto. A recuperação de imagens baseada no conteúdo é uma área de pesquisa que tem evoluído bastante nos últimos anos. Assim, um sistema de busca e obtenção de imagens, utilizando tal técnica, deve ser extensível aos novos algoritmos de extração de características e métodos de indexação. A extração de características de imagens, tais como informações de cor, textura, forma e o relacionamento entre elas são utilizadas para descrever o conteúdo das imagens. Essas características são então utilizadas para indexar e possibilitar a comparação de imagens no processo de recuperação. O sistema proposto utilizará um método de indexação de dados recém-desenvolvido a Slim-tree para indexar as características extraídas das imagens. Através desse método o Sistema de Apoio ao Diagnóstico possibilitará a consulta por conteúdo em imagens médicas.This works presents the main characteristics of a diagnosis support system based on image similarity search for medical applications. This system was developed to be used in the Clinical Hospital of Ribeirao Preto of the University of Sao Paulo. The content-based image retrieval (CBIR) researching area has evolved greatly in the last years. Thus, a CBIR system should be able to incorporate the new techniques developed, such as, new feature extraction algorithms and indexing methods among others. Traditionally, the main features extracted from images to get the image essence are color, texture, shape and the relationship among them. Therefore, such features describe the images under analysis, and are used to index and to compare images during the content-based retrieval process. The proposed system takes advantage of a new metric access method - the Slim-tree, which allows the indexing and the retrieval of the images through their extracted features

Cytogenetic and Molecular Data Demonstrate that the Bryconinae (Ostariophysi, Bryconidae) Species from Southeastern Brazil Form a Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic Unit

<div><p><i>Brycon</i> spp. occur in Neotropical watersheds to the west and east of the Andes, and as they are sensitive to anthropogenic changes, many these species are endangered in southeastern Brazil. Coastal rivers in southeastern Brazil are characterized by the presence of relatively few freshwater fish species and high endemism of this fauna. The objective of this study was to examine whether <i>Brycon</i> spp. occurring in the coastal basins of southeastern Brazil are monophyletic, using cytogenetic data, mitochondrial, and nuclear molecular markers. All the species showed a diploid number of 50 chromosomes, a conserved number within the subfamily Bryconinae. However, the karyotypic formulas were unique to most species, including <i>Brycon devillei</i> (26m+22sm+2st), <i>Brycon ferox</i> (26m+12sm+12st), <i>Brycon insignis</i> (22m+20sm+8st), <i>Brycon opalinus</i>, and <i>Brycon vermelha</i> (24m+20sm+6st), indicating the prevalence of pericentric and paracentric inversions in the chromosomal evolution of these species. All of them had nucleolar organizer regions in the first pair of subtelocentric chromosomes and no equilocal distribution of heterochromatin in the first pair of chromosomes of the karyotype. These two features, not seen in any other <i>Brycon</i> spp. examined to date, indicate that Bryconinae species from the Brazilian southeastern coastal basins, including the monotypic genus <i>Henochilus</i>, are monophyletic. Also, this is the first study that reports NOR location and C-banding patterns as synapomorphies for a Neotropical fish species group. The monophyly was also supported by a phylogenetic analysis of <i>16S</i> rDNA (<i>16S</i>), cytochrome oxidase subunit I (<i>COI</i>), alpha-myosin (<i>MYH6</i>) genes and <i>S72</i> intron molecular data. Our results partially corroborate the “<i>Brycon acuminatus</i>” group proposed by Howes in 1982: our proposed clade keeps <i>B</i>. <i>devillei</i>, <i>B</i>. <i>ferox</i>, and <i>B</i>. <i>insignis;</i> but it also includes <i>B</i>. <i>opalinus</i>, <i>B</i>. <i>vermelha</i>, and <i>H</i>. <i>weatlandii</i> whereas it excludes <i>B</i>. <i>nattereri</i>. The phylogeographic unit formed by Bryconinae species in southeastern Brazil reflects the long and isolated paleohydrological history of these coastal basins relative to the continental watersheds.</p></div