Sexual dimorphism of cadmium-induced toxicity in rats: involvement of sex hormones

The toxic effect of cadmium varies with sex in experimental animals. Previous studies have demonstrated that pretreatment of male Fischer 344 (F344) rats with the female sex hormone progesterone markedly enhances the susceptibility to cadmium, suggesting a role for progesterone in the sexual dimorphism of cadmium toxicity. In the present study, weattempted to furtherelucidate the mechanism for sex differencesin cadmium-induced toxicity in F344 rats. A single exposure to cadmium (5.0 mg Cd/kg, s.c.) was lethal in 10/10 (100 %) female compared to 6/10 (60 %) male rats. Using a lower dose of cadmium (3.0 mg Cd/kg), circulating alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, indicative of hepatotoxicity, was highly elevated in the cadmium treated females but not in males. However, no gender-based differences occurred in the hepatic cadmium accumulation, metallothionein (MT) or glutathione (GSH) levels. When cadmium (5.0 mg Cd/kg) was administered to young rats at 5 weeks of age, the sex-related difference in lethalitywas minimal. Furthermore, although ovariectomyblocked cadmium-induced lethality, the lethal effectsof the metal were restored by pretreatment with progesterone (40 mg/kg, s.c., 7 consecutive days) or β-estradiol (200 μg/kg, s.c., 7 consecutive days) to ovariectomized rats. These results provide further evidence that female sex hormones such as progesterone and β-estradiolare involved in the sexual dimorphism of cadmium toxicity in rats

Pharmacokinetics of drugs in cachectic patients:a systematic review

Cachexia is a weight-loss process caused by an underlying chronic disease such as cancer, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or rheumatoid arthritis. It leads to changes in body structure and function that may influence the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Changes in gut function and decreased subcutaneous tissue may influence the absorption of orally and transdermally applied drugs. Altered body composition and plasma protein concentration may affect drug distribution. Changes in the expression and function of metabolic enzymes could influence the metabolism of drugs, and their renal excretion could be affected by possible reduction in kidney function. Because no general guidelines exist for drug dose adjustments in cachectic patients, we conducted a systematic search to identify articles that investigated the pharmacokinetics of drugs in cachectic patients