Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Native American Families with Young Children: A Mixed Methods Study

Children are at increased risk for foodborne illness due to underdeveloped immune system. Limited research has been reported on food safety knowledge of Native American families with children 10 years of age and younger. This study was conducted to determine the food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the main food preparer in these families by collecting quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously in a mixed method approach. A food safety knowledge survey created using FightBAC!™ concepts was administered prior to focus groups discussions held in Native American communities using a script based upon the Health Belief Model. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS. Qualitative data were coded by three reviewers independently and then compared jointly for themes. Over three fourths of participants (n = 102) were female with an average age of 38.3 years. Over one half of participants were unemployed (54 %), lived on reservations (54 %), and 86 % had a high school degree or higher level of education. The following four themes emerged from the eight focus groups (n=66): food can make one sick, I am not in control when others handle food, I know how to safely prepare foods for my family, and I do not have time or best equipment (for food safety). Mixed method analysis revealed that participants were aware of the severity and susceptibility for foodborne illness but were confident in preparing foods safely for their family. A food safety education program for Native American food preparers with young children is needed to prevent foodborne illness (FBI) in this population and promote safe food handling practice

Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Native American Families with Young Children: A Mixed Methods Study

Children are at increased risk for foodborne illness due to underdeveloped immune system. Limited research has been reported on food safety knowledge of Native American families with children 10 years of age and younger. This study was conducted to determine the food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the main food preparer in these families by collecting quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously in a mixed method approach. A food safety knowledge survey created using FightBAC!™ concepts was administered prior to focus groups discussions held in Native American communities using a script based upon the Health Belief Model. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS. Qualitative data were coded by three reviewers independently and then compared jointly for themes. Over three fourths of participants (n = 102) were female with an average age of 38.3 years. Over one half of participants were unemployed (54 %), lived on reservations (54 %), and 86 % had a high school degree or higher level of education. The following four themes emerged from the eight focus groups (n=66): food can make one sick, I am not in control when others handle food, I know how to safely prepare foods for my family, and I do not have time or best equipment (for food safety). Mixed method analysis revealed that participants were aware of the severity and susceptibility for foodborne illness but were confident in preparing foods safely for their family. A food safety education program for Native American food preparers with young children is needed to prevent foodborne illness (FBI) in this population and promote safe food handling practice

Content Validation of a Standardized Language Diagnosis by Certified Specialists in Gerontological Nutrition

Validation of the nutrition standardized language assures the language is accurate for use in practice, policy, and research, but few validation studies have been reported. The purpose of this descriptive study was to validate content of all components of the nutrition diagnostic term involuntary weight loss using experts providing care for older adults in health care settings. A Nutrition Diagnosis Validation Instrument was developed that contained the definition, etiologies, and signs and symptoms of the diagnosis plus items added from literature review. Questions on clarity and completeness of the language were included. The Nutrition Diagnosis Validation Instrument used a Likert-type scale for deriving a Diagnostic Content Validity (DCV) score for all items in the definition, etiology, and signs and symptoms components to define major, minor, and nonrelevant characteristics and a mean total DCV score for the term. In 2008, all Board Certified Specialists in Gerontological Nutrition (CSGs) were recruited by mail. CSGs (n = 110, 73% response) reported 15 ± 10 (mean ± standard deviation) practice years in gerontological nutrition. The total DCV component scores were 0.80 ± 0.17 (definition), 0.63 ± 0.08 (etiology), and 0.69 ± 0.12 (signs and symptoms). The mean total DCV score of the diagnostic term was 0.69 ± 0.11. Cognitive decline, poor oral health, and impaired skin integrity were identified as missing language. In conclusion, the majority of the definition, etiologies, and signs and symptoms of the term were contentvalidated, including seven items derived from literature review. The validated items, including recommendations for added language, need to be retested using the same process

Content Validation of a Standardized Language Diagnosis by Certified Specialists in Gerontological Nutrition

Validation of the nutrition standardized language assures the language is accurate for use in practice, policy, and research, but few validation studies have been reported. The purpose of this descriptive study was to validate content of all components of the nutrition diagnostic term involuntary weight loss using experts providing care for older adults in health care settings. A Nutrition Diagnosis Validation Instrument was developed that contained the definition, etiologies, and signs and symptoms of the diagnosis plus items added from literature review. Questions on clarity and completeness of the language were included. The Nutrition Diagnosis Validation Instrument used a Likert-type scale for deriving a Diagnostic Content Validity (DCV) score for all items in the definition, etiology, and signs and symptoms components to define major, minor, and nonrelevant characteristics and a mean total DCV score for the term. In 2008, all Board Certified Specialists in Gerontological Nutrition (CSGs) were recruited by mail. CSGs (n = 110, 73% response) reported 15 ± 10 (mean ± standard deviation) practice years in gerontological nutrition. The total DCV component scores were 0.80 ± 0.17 (definition), 0.63 ± 0.08 (etiology), and 0.69 ± 0.12 (signs and symptoms). The mean total DCV score of the diagnostic term was 0.69 ± 0.11. Cognitive decline, poor oral health, and impaired skin integrity were identified as missing language. In conclusion, the majority of the definition, etiologies, and signs and symptoms of the term were contentvalidated, including seven items derived from literature review. The validated items, including recommendations for added language, need to be retested using the same process

Obtaining and Using Copyrighted Research Journal Content—Convenience vs Ethics

Members of American Dietetic Association (ADA) or those credentialed by the Commission on Dietetic Registration agree to abide by the ADA/Commission on Dietetic Registration Code of Ethics for the dietetics profession (1). A fundamental principle within the Code is to conduct dietetics practice with honor, integrity, and fairness and to comply with all laws and regulations applicable or related to the profession. Dietetics practitioners read and apply the results of research published in professional journals and other publications to guide their evidence-based practice. Authors of research articles can, in some cases, make their work more accessible to practitioners by amendment of the copyright transfer agreements required by the publisher. And practitioners working in the United States must understand and abide by the US copyright laws that govern the fair use of these resources. In this digital age, inappropriate access to and distribution of copyrighted research content can occur. This article briefly describes the key requirements of current US copyright law, generalized to situations that a dietetics practitioner might encounter, through scenarios that illustrate implications for practitioners and suggests options for the retrieval and use of copyrighted research information while abiding by the Code of Ethics. The discovery, access, and use of freely available literature (“open access”) with proper attribution of authorship is also discussed

Escutando as mães de portadores de fissuras orais

This descriptive study was performed using a qualitative approach. The objective was to listen and report on the etiology of the malformation and learn about the beliefs of relatives regarding the manifestation of oral fissures. Data collection was performed from March to June 2009 using semi-structured interview and analyzed using content analysis. Five categories emerged: mother's reaction, feelings of the mothers and of the family, the behavior of the team, knowledge of the causes, and beliefs. The results permitted to learn about the beliefs regarding the theme and adjust the orientations of the nursing tem and other health professionals to mothers of individuals with oral fissures, helping the relatives throughout all the phases of child development during the therapeutic process.Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa. Objetivou a escuta e o relato sobre a etiologia da malformação e conhecer as crenças atribuídas pelos familiares à manifestação das fissuras orais. Os dados foram coletados de março a junho de 2009 por entrevista semi-estruturada e analisados por análise de conteúdo. Resultou em cinco categorias: reação da mãe, sentimentos das mães e da família, comportamento da equipe, conhecimento da causa e crenças. Os resultados permitiram conhecer as crenças sobre o tema e adequar as orientações da enfermagem e dos demais profissionais às mães de portadores de fissuras orais, auxiliando os familiares em todas as fases de desenvolvimento da criança durante o processo terapêutico.Estudio descriptivo de abordaje cualitativo. Objetivó la escucha y relato sobre la etiología de la malformación y conocer las creencias atribuidas por los familiares a la manifestación de fisuras orales. Datos recogidos de marzo a junio de 2009 por entrevista semiestructurada y analizados por análisis de contenido. Resultó en cinco categorías: reacción de la madre, sentimientos de las madres y de la familia, comportamiento del equipo, conocimiento de la causa y creencias. Los resultados permitieron conocer las creencias sobre el tema y adecuar las orientaciones de enfermería y de los demás profesionales a las madres de portadores de fisuras orales, auxiliando a los familiares en todas las fases de desarrollo del niño durante el proceso terapéutico

Plans for Crash-Tested Bridge Railings for Longitudinal Wood Decks

In the past decade, bridge railing design criteria have moved away from static-load design and have focused on full-scale crash testing as a more appropriate and reliable means of evaluating bridge railings. The five bridge railing plans presented reflect the results of a cooperative research project between the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboraotry; and the Federal Highway Administration. The project objective was to develop and crash test bridge railings and approach railing transitions for longitudinal wood bridge decks. The bridge railings were completed in accordance with AASHTO Performance Levell, Performance Level 2, and NCHRP Report 350 Test Level 4 (TL-4). Approach railings were tested or adapted from previous testing in accordance with NCHRP Report 230. Full drawing sets are provided in customary U.S. and SI units of measure. The testing procedures, results, and drawings have been approved by the Federal Highway Administration Federal-Aid and Design Office for use on Federal-aid highway projects

Plans for Crash-Tested Bridge Railings for Longitudinal Wood Decks on Low-Volume Roads

The plans for crashworthy bridge railings for low-volume roads were developed through a cooperative research program involving the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL); the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, University of Nebraska-Lincoln (MwRSF); and the Forest Service, National Forest System, Engineering. Three railings were developed and successfully tested in accordance with National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 Test Level-1 requirements. The fourth system was developed for a lower test level based on criteria developed by the Forest Service for single-lane bridges on very low-volume roads. For the convenience of the user, full drawing sets are provided in customary U.S. and S.I. units

Plans for Crash-Tested Wood Bridge Railings for Concrete Decks

As part of a continuing cooperative research between the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility (MwRSF); the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL); and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), several crashworthy wood bridge railings and approach railing transitions have been adapted for use on concrete bridge decks. These railings meet testing and evaluation criteria outlined in National Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350, Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features, and include a glued-laminated timber (glulam) rail, with and without a curb, at Test Level- 2 (TL-2), a glulam rail with curb at TL-4, and a glulam curb rail for low-volume roads at TL-1. In adapting the railings from a wood deck to a concrete deck, the critical consideration was railing attachment to the deck. A comparable connection was obtained by an analysis of maximum loads measured by field instrumentation during crash testing or by equating the ultimate capacity of connections used on the wood deck to those required for a concrete deck. For the convenience of the user, full drawing sets are provided in customary U.S. and S.I. units

Plans for Crash-Tested Wood Bridge Railings for Concrete Decks

As part of a continuing cooperative research between the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility (MwRSF); the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL); and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), several crashworthy wood bridge railings and approach railing transitions have been adapted for use on concrete bridge decks. These railings meet testing and evaluation criteria outlined in National Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350, Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features, and include a glued-laminated timber (glulam) rail, with and without a curb, at Test Level- 2 (TL-2), a glulam rail with curb at TL-4, and a glulam curb rail for low-volume roads at TL-1. In adapting the railings from a wood deck to a concrete deck, the critical consideration was railing attachment to the deck. A comparable connection was obtained by an analysis of maximum loads measured by field instrumentation during crash testing or by equating the ultimate capacity of connections used on the wood deck to those required for a concrete deck. For the convenience of the user, full drawing sets are provided in customary U.S. and S.I. units