Phosphate Fertilization and Mycorrhizal Inoculation Increase Corn Leaf and Grain Nutrient Contents

The agricultural use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, such as Rhizoglomus intraradices, can increase the efficiency of phosphate fertilization for the benefit of the corn plant and grain nutrition. In this study, a field experiment was conducted in an area of Selvíria/MS, Brazil, in the years 2019 and 2020, to verify the effects of reduced doses of phosphorus combined with the inoculation of corn seed with R. intraradices on corn plant growth and grain nutrient contents. The experiment was laid in a randomized block design in subdivided plots with four repetitions and twenty treatments resulting from combining five doses of P2O5 (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose) with four doses (0, 60, 120, and 180 g ha1) of an inoculant containing R. intraradices. Leaf and kernel macro- and micronutrient contents were evaluated. The foliar P content in 2020 was a function of the interaction between phosphate fertilization and AMF inoculation, with the highest leaf P content observed at the 100% of P2O5 combined with AMF inoculation between 120 and 140 g ha1. In the grains Mg content, an interaction was observed between the two factors in 2020 and the response surface, showing that the highest Mg content was obtained when maximum doses of P2O5 and maximum doses of inoculant were combined. A response surface showed that, in 2020, the highest leaf Zn content occurred when 35–55% P2O5 is applied with no inoculation and when P2O5 is limited to 20–30%, and there is inoculation with doses between 90 and 150 g ha1. Phosphate fertilization increased foliar K (2019) and Mg (2020) contents, with maximum points at doses of 76.57% and 88.80%, respectivelyinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Patotipos de Escherichia coli causadores de diarreia em bezerros: uma atualização

A diarreia é uma das doenças mais frequentes de bezerros com até 30 dias de idade e é uma importante causa de perdas econômicas. Sua etiologia é complexa e envolve a interação de diversos fatores infecciosos, nutricionais, imunológicos, gerenciais e ambientais. Os principais sinais clínicos são a diarreia, desidratação progressiva, acidose metabólica, desequilíbrio de eletrólitos e balanço energético negativo com ou sem hipoglicemia, que se não tratados, levam à morte do animal. Escherichia coli se destaca como um importante enteropatógeno envolvido na síndrome diarreica. Cepas de E. coli patogênicas são classificadas em grupos ou patotipos, de acordo com a produção de fatores de virulência e mecanismos pelos quais causam doença. Já foram identificados cinco patotipos de E. coli associados à diarreia em bezerros: E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC), E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC), E. coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC), E. coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC) e E. coli necrotoxigênica (NTEC). Nesse artigo apresentamos as principais características e os atuais conhecimentos sobre os patotipos de E. coli causadores de diarreia em bezerros

Virulence Genes In Isolates Of Escherichia Coli From Samples Of Milk And Feces From Dairy Cattle

The aim of this work was to determine if Escherichia coli isolates carrying the virulence genes eae and eltB and exhibiting the Ehly phenotype are present in feces and milk samples from healthy dairy cattle on farms. Isolates from calves showed a statistically higher prevalence of eae and eltB compared with isolates from older animals. The other factors tested (stx1, stx 2, and Ehly) were not statistically different between the two groups. Two isolates originating from calf feces were identified as serotype O157:H7; one of these isolates carried stx1 and eae, the other stx2 and eae. E. coli isolated from milk contained stx1, stx2, and eltB. The results show that feces or milk from healthy dairy cattle may contain E. coli pathotypes that express virulence genes, indicating that these materials have zoonotic potential. The results also reinforce the idea that host age can influence the dynamics of virulence genes in E. coli from cattle. Copyright © International Association for Food Protection.75916981700Allerberger, F., Wagner, M., Schweiger, P., Rammer, H.P., Resch, A., Dierich, M.P., Friedrich, A.W., Karch, H., Escherichia coli O157 infections and unpasteurized milk (2001) Euro Surveill., 10, pp. 147-151Baylis, C.L., Raw milk and raw milk cheeses as vehicles for infection by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (2009) Int. J. Dairy Technol., 62, pp. 293-307Beutin, L., Montenegro, M.A., Orskov, I., Orskov, F., Prada, J., Zimmermann, S., Stephan, R., Close association of verotoxin (Shiga-like toxin) production with enterohemolysin production in strains of Escherichia coli (1998) J. Clin. 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Med., 347, pp. 555-560Espie, E., Vaillant, V., Mariani-Kurkdjian, P., Grimont, F., Martin-Schaller, R., De Valk, H., Vernozy-Rozand, C., Escherichia coli O157 outbreak associated with fresh unpasteurized goats' cheese (2006) Epidemiology and Infection, 134 (1), pp. 143-146. , DOI 10.1017/S0950268805004887, PII S0950268805004887Fremaux, B., Raynaud, S., Beutin, L., Rozand, C.V., Dissemination and persistence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains on French dairy farms (2006) Veterinary Microbiology, 117 (2-4), pp. 180-191. , DOI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.030, PII S0378113506001854Hussein, H.S., Sakuma, T., Invited review: Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in dairy cattle and their products (2005) Journal of Dairy Science, 88 (2), pp. 450-465Keskimaki, M., Eklund, M., Pesonen, H., Heiskanen, T., Siitonen, A., EPEC, EAEC and STEC in stool specimens: Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of isolates (2001) Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 40 (4), pp. 151-156. , DOI 10.1016/S0732-8893(01)00265-6, PII S0732889301002656Kiers, J.L., Nout, M.J.R., Rombouts, F.M., Nabuurs, M.J.A., Van Der Meulen, J., Inhibition of adhesion of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 by soya bean tempe (2002) Letters in Applied Microbiology, 35 (4), pp. 311-315. , DOI 10.1046/j.1472-765X.2002.01182.xKoneman, E.W., Allens, S.D., Janda, W.M., Schreckenberger, P.C., Winn Jr., W.C., (2001) Diagnóstico Microbiológico, , Medsi Press, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilLaw, D., Virulence factors of Escherichia coli O157 and other Shiga toxin- producing E. coli (2000) Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88 (5), pp. 729-745. , DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01031.xLeomil, L., Aidar-Ugrinovich, L., Guth, B.E.C., Irino, K., Vettorato, M.P., Onuma, D.L., Castro, A.F.P., Frequency of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates among diarrheic and non-diarrheic calves in Brazil (2003) Vet. 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Food Microbiol., 146, pp. 99-104Nataro, J.P., Kaper, J.B., Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (1998) Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 11 (1), pp. 142-201Nielsen, E.M., Tegtmeier, C., Andersen, H.J., Gronbaek, C., Andersen, J.S., Influence of age, sex and herd characteristics on the occurrence of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in Danish dairy farms (2002) Veterinary Microbiology, 88 (3), pp. 245-257. , DOI 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00108-6, PII S0378113502001086Paiba, G.A., Wilesmith, J.W., Evans, S.J., Pascoe, S.J.S., Smith, R.P., Kidd, S.A., Ryan, J.B.M., Payne, J.H., Prevalence of faecal excretion of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in cattle in England and Wales (2003) Veterinary Record, 153 (12), pp. 347-353Penteado, A.S., Ugrinovich, L.A., Blanco, J., Blanco, M., Blanco, J.E., Mora, A., Andrade, J.R.C., Pestana De Castro, A.F., Serobiotypes and virulence genes of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic and healthy rabbits in Brazil (2002) Veterinary Microbiology, 89 (1), pp. 41-51. , DOI 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00148-7, PII S0378113502001487Pigatto, C.P., Schocken-Iturrino, R.P., Souza, E.M., Pedrosa, F.O., Comarella, L., Irino, K., Kato, M.A.M.F., Fadel-Picheth, C.M.T., Virulence properties and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy cattle from Paraná State, Brazil (2008) Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 54 (7), pp. 588-593. , http://article.pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/RPAS/RPViewDoc?_handler_= HandleInitialGet&calyLang=eng&journal=cjm&volume=54&articleFile= w08-046.pdf, DOI 10.1139/W08-046Salvadori, M.R., Valadares, G.F., Da Silva Leite, D., Blanco, J., Yano, T., Virulence factors of Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea in Brazil (2003) Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 34 (3), pp. 230-235Tristao, L.C.S., Gonzalez, A.G.M., Coutinho, C.A.S., Cerqueira, A.M.F., Gomes, M.J.P., Irino, K., Guth, B.E.C., Andrade, J.R.C., Virulence markers and genetic relationships of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from serogroup O111 isolated from cattle (2007) Veterinary Microbiology, 119 (2-4), pp. 358-365. , DOI 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.09.006, PII S0378113506003737Ugrinovich, L.A., De Ávila, F.A., Oliveira, M.N., De Castro, A.F.P., Identificação dos genes que codificam para a enterotoxina termola'bil LT-II em amostras de Escherichia coli isoladas de bezerros com diarréia na região de Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil (2002) Cienc. 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Frequencies Of Virulence Genes And Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis Fingerprints In Escherichia Coli Isolates From Canine Pyometra

Escherichia coli is the most common bacterial agent isolated from canine pyometra. The frequencies of 24 virulence genes and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles were determined for 23 E. coli isolates from cases of canine pyometra in Brazil. The frequencies of virulence genes were 91.3% fimH, 91.3% irp-2, 82.6% fyuA, 56.5% iroN, 47.8% traT, 39.1% usp, 34.8% sfaD/E, 34.8% tsh, 30.4% papC, 30.4% hlyA, 26.1% papGIII, 26.1% cnf-1, 21.7% papE/F, 21.7% iss, 17.4% iutA, 17.4% ompT, 17.4% cvaC, 17.4% hlyF, 17.4% iucD, 13.0% iucC, 13.0% astA, 4.3% papGII, 0% afaB/C and 0% papGI. The high frequency of yersiniabactin (fyuA and irp2) and salmochelin (iroN) genes suggests that iron uptake systems might be important in the pathogenesis of canine pyometra. PFGE profiles of 19 isolates were heterogeneous, confirming that E. coli isolates from canine pyometra are unlikely to be epidemic clones.2022393395Chen, Y.M.M., Wright, P.J., Lee, C.-S., Browning, G.F., Uropathogenic virulence factors in isolates of Escherichia coli from clinical cases of canine pyometra and feces of healthy bitches (2003) Veterinary Microbiology, 94, pp. 57-69Coggan, J.A., Melville, P.A., Oliveira, C.M., Faustino, M., Moreno, A.M., Benites, N.R., Microbiological and histopathological aspects of canine pyometra (2008) Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 39, pp. 477-483Ghanbarpour, R., Akhtardanesh, B., Genotype and antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli strains involved in canine pyometra (2012) Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21, pp. 737-744Hagman, R., Kühn, I., Escherichia coli strains isolated from the uterus and urinary bladder of bitches suffering from pyometra: Comparison by restriction enzyme digestion and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (2002) Veterinary Microbiology, 84, pp. 143-153Krekeler, N., Marenda, M.S., Browning, G.F., Holden, K.M., Charles, J.A., Wright, P.J., The role of type 1, P and S fimbriae in binding of Escherichia coli to the canine endometrium (2013) Veterinary Microbiology, 164, pp. 399-404Mateus, L., Henriques, S., Merino, C., Pomba, C., Lopes da Costa, L., Silva, E., Virulence genotypes of Escherichia coli canine isolates from pyometra, cystitis and fecal origin (2013) Veterinary Microbiology, 166, pp. 590-594Ribot, E.M., Fair, M.A., Gautom, R., Cameron, D.N., Hunter, S.B., Swaminathan, B., Barrett, T.J., Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet (2006) Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 3, pp. 59-67Siqueira, A.K., Ribeiro, M.G., Leite, D.D.S., Tiba, M.R., Moura, C.D., Lopes, M.D., Prestes, N.C., de Silva, A.V., Virulence factors in Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infection and pyometra cases and from feces of healthy dogs (2009) Research in Veterinary Science, 86, pp. 206-210Smith, F.O., Canine pyometra (2006) Theriogenology, 66, pp. 610-612Wadås, B., Kühn, I., Lagerstedt, A.-S., Jonsson, P., Biochemical phenotypes of Escherichia coli in dogs: Comparison of isolates isolated from bitches suffering from pyometra and urinary tract infection with isolates from faeces of healthy dogs (1996) Veterinary Microbiology, 52, pp. 293-30