Jurisdiction in Bankruptcy

It has been argued that organic farming sustains a higher biodiversity than conventional farming. This might promote the ecosystem services that exist in agricultural landscapes such as pollination and pest control. Here, I examined the effect of farming system (organic vs. conventional) with respect to the time since farming system transition, landscape heterogeneity and plant richness on pollinating and predatory insects. In total, data from 30 farms were used, of which 20 were organic and 10 were conventional. The data were analyzed using general linear models and model averaging. The results show that insect groups responded differently to various factors. Pollinators were more sensitive to landscape complexity, showing an increase of abundance and species richness with an increased heterogeneity. Predators on the other hand reacted to farming system, where there was an increase in abundance and species richness on organic farms

A COMPARISON OF CONTINENTAL AND AMERICAN LEGAL EDUCATION

Legal education in the United States has become more and more a part of university education and the activity of the American university law school is a matter which invites comparison with the law schools of foreign universities. This is true particularly because the system of university legal education has recently also become a problem in this country. In 1930 Abraham Flexner published his instructive, but possibly not altogether unbiased, book on universities in which he pictured American, English and German universities. The author gave all his attention to the teaching of science, however, and did not discuss law schools, because he felt he was not familiar with the subject. In the following pages an attempt is made to give some account of legal education in European universities, particularly in Germany and Italy, based on the personal experience of the writer. But, of course, in order to evaluate and to understand better the activity of these law schools, they must be considered in connection with the legal education as a whole, with their aims and their traditions, and, last but not least, in connection with the legal system and its administration

Using Vegetation to Reduce Nitrogen Runoff in California Caneberries

With a 700% rise in global fertilizer use in the last 50 years, agricultural lands are a significant source of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Record high levels of nitrate-contaminated runoff from agricultural sources in California\u27s Central Coast are affecting drinking water supplies in the Pajaro Valley and increasingly threatening the ecological health of the Monterey Bay. Bands of vegetation strategically planted to control runoff and soil erosion, or vegetative filter strips (VFS), are used in urban landscapes and at some farm peripheries. On-farm vegetative diversity has been promoted for its contribution to biodiversity and pest control. The efficacy of in-row VFS for nutrient removal, however, has never before been explored in caneberries, the fastest-growing agricultural commodity in Central California. This on-farm study experimentally tested the ability of three different types of common and native VFS planted between the rows to reduce nitrogen runoff in California caneberry fields: California field sedge (Carex praegracilis), creeping wild rye (Leymus triticoides), and wild mustard (Brassica juncea). Overall, nitrates in runoff decreased significantly with greater VFS cover. Of the three species tested, L. triticoides grew fastest, but B. juncea yielded the greatest cover by the end of the rainy season. VFS were shown to be a cost-effective tool that growers can use in California caneberries to decrease nitrate runoff while inherently promoting on-farm biodiversity

Computer aided design

technical reportThe report is based on the proposal submitted to the National Science Foundation in September 1981, as part of the Coordinated Experimental Computer Science Research Program. The sections covering the budget and biographical data on the senior research personnel have not been included. Also, the section describing the department facilities at the time of the proposal submission is not included, because it would be only of historical interest

Sovereign Immunity in Perspective

The doctrine of the immunity of foreign governments from the adjudicatory and enforcement jurisdiction of national courts is rooted in two bases of international law, the notion of sovereignty and the notion of the equality of sovereigns. There is no need to rehearse the historical growth of these foundations of the modern international community. Suffice it to say that E.D. Dickinson\u27s celebrated study, The Equality of States in International Law, furnishes a detailed account of the evolution of these notions. Although historically the recognition of the jurisdictional immunities of foreign states may have been intertwined with the recognition of the immunity of foreign sovereigns as rulers and of the immunity of foreign ambassadors as their representatives, its juridical foundation rests on the principals of sovereignty, independence, equality and dignity of states and, additionally, on the ideas of reciprocity, comity among nations and avoidance of unilateral action in international affairs. Couched in the telling maxim, Par in Parem imperium non habet, the principle of sovereign immunity is recognized in the jurisprudence of most nations