Field theory description of vacuum replicas

In this paper we develop a systematic quantum field theory based approach to the vacuum replica recently found to exist in effective low energy models in hadronic physics. A local operator creating the replica state is constructed explicitly. We show that a new effective quark-quark force arises in result of replica existence. Phenomenological implications of such a force are also briefly discussed.Comment: RevTeX4, 23 pages, 4 Postscript figures, uses epsfig.sty, to appear in Phys.Rev.

Conformational study of α,2-dimethylstyrene: Raman and FT-IR spectra and ab initio calculations

cited By 2International audienceVibrational spectra (Raman and FT-IR) of liquid phase and ab initio SCF MO calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level are reported for α,2-dimethylstyrene. The calculations predict two minima with different orientations of the C double bond C double bond relative to the 2-methyl group, but only the minimum with θ(C2C1-CαCβ) = 112° (named skew) is deep enough to accommodate torsional levels. The role of intramolecular interactions on the conformational preferences is accessed through the comparison of the ab initio results for α,2-, α,3- and α,4-dimethylstyrene. The Raman spectra of the liquid sample show pairs of bands whose temperature-dependent intensities are ascribed to a conformational equilibrium. From the plot of logarithm of intensity ratio vs. inverse temperature, a ΔH value of 1.1±0.1 kJ mol-1 has been derived. The temperature-dependence of other Raman bands with no measurable conformational splitting can also be related with the conformational equilibrium by assuming different molar Raman intensities. The comparison of the experimental and calculated wavenumber shifts suggests that the gauche form is more stable than the skew form in the liquid, while ab initio results predict a single skew form for the isolated molecule. This discrepancy may arise from intermolecular interactions in the liquid

C-H...O hydrogen bonding in 4-phenyl-benzaldehyde: a comprehensive crystallographic, spectroscopic and computational study

The crystal structure of 4-phenyl-benzaldehyde reveals the presence of a dimer linked by the C=O and C( 9)-H groups of adjacent molecules. In the liquid phase, the presence of C-(HO)-O-... bonded forms is revealed by both vibrational and NMR spectroscopy. A Delta H value of - 8.2 +/- 0.5 kJ mol(-1) for the dimerisation equilibrium is established from the temperature-dependent intensities of the bands assigned to the carbonyl-stretching modes. The NMR data suggest the preferential engagement of the C(2,6)-H and C(10/12)/C(11)-H groups as hydrogen bond donors, instead of the C(9)-H group. While ab initio calculations for the isolated dimers are unable to corroborate these NMR results, the radial distribution functions obtained from molecular dynamics simulations show a preference for C(2,6)-H and C(10/12)/C(11)-(HO)-O-... contacts relative to the C(9)-(HO)-O-... ones

Formulação com aminoácidos totais ou digestíveis em rações com níveis decrescentes de proteína bruta para frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias de idade Total and digestible amino acids formulation in diets with decreasing levels of crude protein for broilers from 21 to 42 days of age

Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar a formulação de rações para frangos de corte com redução do nível de proteína bruta (PB) e suplementadas com aminoácidos sintéticos, formuladas com base nos aminoácidos totais - AAT (experimento 1) ou digestíveis - AAD (experimento 2). Os experimentos foram conduzidos no período de 3 a 6 semanas de idade das aves. Em ambos os experimentos, os quatros níveis de PB foram: 20,8; 19,7; 18,6 e 17,5% PB. No experimento 2, também foram testados outros dois tratamentos com rações contendo 20,8 e 17,5% de PB e alta digestibilidade (ADig), à base de milho, farelo de soja, amido de milho e proteína isolada de soja. Nos dois experimentos, o consumo de ração não foi afetado pela redução de PB. No experimento 1, o ganho de peso (GP), a conversão alimentar (CA) e os rendimentos de peito e de coxa foram afetados negativamente pela redução dos níveis de PB, enquanto, no experimento 2 estas variáveis não foram influenciadas. No entanto, em ambos os experimentos, na semana de 21 a 28 dias, o GP e a CA foram influenciados negativamente pela redução dos níveis de PB na ração. Com o decréscimo no nível de PB, a digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS) e da matéria orgânica (MO) aumentou no experimento 2, em virtude da menor inclusão de farelo de soja. Em ambos os experimentos, a retenção relativa de proteína foi superior para rações com baixos níveis de PB. No experimento 2, apesar de os níveis de PB não terem influenciado o desempenho, a ração de ADig proporcionou maior digestibilidade da MO e tendência à maior digestibilidade da MS. As rações com 17,5% PB e ADig promoveram balanço mais positivo e maior retenção relativa de proteína em comparação às de digestibilidade padrão. Considerando todos os resultados, a formulação de rações com AAD mostrou vantagens em relação aos AAT.<br>Two experiments (Exp) were carried out to evaluate diets for broilers formulated with reducing crude protein (CP) level, supplemented with synthetic amino acids, formulated based on total amino acids (TAA) (Exp 1) or digestible AA (DAA) (Exp 2). The experiments conducted in the period from 3 to 6 weeks of age of the birds. In both experiments, the four levels of CP were: 20.8, 19.7, 18.6 and 17.5% CP. In the Experiment 2, two other treatments were added: diets containing 20.8 and 17.5% CP and high digestibility (HD), based on corn, soybean meal, corn starch and soy protein isolate. In both experiments, the feed intake was not affected by CP decreasing. In Exp1, weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC), breast and drumstick yield were negatively affected by CP reduction, meanwhile in Exp 2 those variables were not affected. However, in both experiments, in the week from 21 to 28 days of age, WG and FC were negatively influenced by CP decrease. As the CP levels decrease, the dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility increased in the Exp 2, due to the smaller inclusion of soybean meal. In both experiments, the relative protein retention was greater for rations with low CP levels. In Exp 2, although of the different CP levels did not affect the performance, the Hdig diets promoted higher OM digestibility and tended to have higher DM digestibility. The rations with 17.5%CP level and HDig promoted a more positive protein balance and higher relative protein retention as compared to the standard digestibility. Considering all the results, formulation with DAA showed advantages related to TAA