\"Geologic-geochronologic study from the granite-gnaissic terranes and metavolcanossedimentary sequences from Betara Region (PR)\"

A Região do Betara, objeto desta pesquisa, localiza-se a nordeste da Cidade de Curitiba, entre os Municípios de Rio Branco do Sul e Campo Largo. Inclui Rochas granito-gnáissicas proto a miloníticas (Núcleo Betara) e seqüências metavulcanossedimentares de baixo a médio grau metamórfico (Formação Betara). Esses terrenos ocorrem na porção sul da Faixa Ribeira, em meio a seqüências metavulcanossedimentares da Formação Votuverava. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal realizar estudos geológico-geocronológicos (UPb zircão) de rochas metabásicas associadas à seqüências metavulcanossedimentares (Formação Betara), bem como dos terrenos granito-gnáissicos proto a miloníticos (Núcleo Betara). Na região centro-sul do Betara, foram reconhecidas rochas granodioríticas proto a miloníticas formadas durante o paleoproterozóico (~2200 Ma) com heranças (núcleos de zircões) arqueanas (~2800 Ma). Valores arqueanos (~3200 Ma) foram obtidos através do método Sm-Nd (TDM) indicativos da época de derivação do manto dos protolitos crustais dessas rochas. Estes terrenos são limitados a sul pela Zona de Cisalhamento Lancinha, que baliza o domínio da Faixa Apiaí (à norte) daquele pertencente ao Complexo Atuba (a sul). Neste contexto tectônico, os terrenos granodioríticos proto à miloníticos representam lascas de embasamento, possivelmente relacionadas ao cráton do Paranapanema. Tal correlação, no entanto, não é tarefa fácil, uma vez que as características geológicas acopladas ao padrão geocronológico são bastante similares às observadas para o Núcleo Setuva (Siga Júnior et al., 2006 no prelo) e para o Complexo Atuba ( Siga Júnior et al., 1995 e Sato et al., 2003). Em contato tectônico com os terrenos granodioríticos ocorrem rochas sienograníticas proto a miloníticas, intimamente associadas a rochas metabásicas (mistura de magmas ? mixing, mingling). Os valores U-Pb (zircão) obtidos para os litotipos sienograníticos referem-se ao paleoproterozóico superior (1780 ? 1750 Ma; Kaulfuss, 2001 e Cury et al., 2003), similar às idades aqui obtidas para as rochas metabásicas (U-PB, zircão de 1789+-22 Ma). A ocorrência de rochas sienograníticas associadas a rochas metabásicas, com características anorogências, sugestivas de regimes extencionais representa um importante marco na região, relacionado à Tafrogênese Estateriana. Acrescente-se ainda a possibilidade de haver sedimentação associada a esse magmatismo de natureza anorogênica, relacionado a bacias do tipo rift desenvolvidas nesse período. Idades desse intervalo (1800 ? 1600 Ma) ocorrem no âmbito da Faixa Apiaí, em rochas sienograníticas proto à miloníticas do Núcleo do Tigre, a sul do corpo granítico Passa Três e no setor NE do batólito granítico Três Córregos (Kaulfuss, 2001; Cury et al., 2003 e Prazeres Filho, 2005). No continente Sul-Americano são reconhecidos ao longo de grande parte de sua porção centro-oriental (Província Borborema, Sistema Espinhaço, Grupo São João Del Rei, Província Tocantins e Faixa Ribeira), conforme discutido em Brito Neves et al. (1995). Esses registros tafrogenéticos, embora relativamente sincrônicos, variam em magnitude e extensão e são na maioria das vezes, caracterizados como rifts crustais com magmatismo de natureza alcalina ou sub-alcalina e sedimentação siliciclástica associada. Devem representar importantes cicatrizes associadas à rupturas de grandes massas continentais aglutinadas durante o Paleoproterozóico (Supercontinente Atlântica ? Rogers, 1996), ou mesmo durante o Paleo-Mesoproterozóico (Supercontinente Columbia; Rogers e Santos, 2002; Zhao et al., 2004). Os estudos geológicos relativos as seqüências metavulcanossedimentares (Formação Betara), em contato tectônico com os terrenos sienograníticos e granodioríticos (Núcleo Betara), permitiram reconhecer três unidades maiores: Sequência metapsamítica (basal) representada principalmente por quartzitos, uma Sequência de mármores, calciossilicáticas e metamargas (intermediária) e uma Sequência metapelítica (superior) onde predominam filitos com metabásicas associadas. Os dados geocronológicos obtidos através do método U-Pb (zircão) referem-se a corpos de rochas metabásicas (possíveis sills ou diques), que ocorrem intercalados concordantemente com a Sequência pelítica superior. O estudo petrográficos e geoquímicos desses corpos, embora bastante preliminar indica a natureza orto derivada dessas rochas e um quimismo de basaltos subalcalinos sugestivos de ambientes tectônicos distensivos. As idades obtidas do intervalo de 1500-1450 Ma são aqui interpretadas como mínimas de deposição da Formação Betara, possivelmente próxima desta. Valores de intervalo (1500-1450 Ma.) foram recentemente obtidos para as seqüências metavulcanossedimentares das Formações Votuverava, Perau e Água Clara. O Mesoproterozóico representa portanto, um importante marco relacionado a deposição de grande parte das seqüências metavulcanossedimentares do sul da Faixa Ribeira. O padrão geológico-geocronológico aliado ao padrão estrutural observado para a região do Betara, sugere que a colocação desses terrenos a níveis crustais superiores tenha ocorrido durante o Neoproterozóico, função de uma tectônica controlada em grande parte por cisalhamentos.The Betara region was located at nothwest of the Curitiba City between the Campo Largo and Rio Branco do Sul municipal districts. This region includes granite-gnaissic rocks, proto to milonitics (Betara Nucleous) and metavolcanossedimentary sequences with low to intermediate metamorphic grade (Betara Formation). These terrains occur at the southern portion of the Ribeira Belt, surrounded by metavolcanossedimentary sequences of the Votuverava Formation. The main objective of this work was realize geologic-geochronologic studies (U-Pb zircon) of metabasic rocks associated with the metavolcanossedimentary sequences (Betara Formation), as well the metabasic rocks associated with the proto milonitic to milonitic granite-gnaissic terrains (Betara Nucleous). At the center-southern portion of the Betara Region, was recognized granodioritic rocks, proto to milonitic formed during the Paleoproterozoic (~2200 Ma) with archean inheritances (zircon nucleous ~2800 Ma). Archean values (~3200Ma) where obtained with Sm-Nd (TDM) method. This values where indicative for the mantle carries away ages for the crustal protolites of these rocks. These terrains are limited at the south by the Lancinha Shear Zone, who separates the Apiaí Domain (north) from the Atuba Complex (south). In this tectonic context, the proto to milonitc ganodioritic terrains represents peaces from the basement and possibly can be related to the Paranapanema Cratonic Region. This correlations are not a simple work and the geologic propers with the geologic patterns was to close to that observed for the Setuva Nucleous (Siga Júnior et al., 2006 no prelo) and for the Atuba Complex ( Siga Júnior et al., 1995 e Sato et al., 2003). In tectonic contact with the granodioritic terrains occurs some sienogranitic rocks proto to milonitics associated with metabasic rocks (magma mixing and/or magma mingling). The U-Pb zircon values obtained to the sienogranitic rocks was related to the Upper Paleoproterozoic (1780-1750 Ma; Kaulfuss, 2001 e Cury et al., 2003), very close to the ages obtained for the metabasic rocks (U-Pb zircon at 1789+-22 Ma). The occurrence of the sienogranitic rocks associated with metabasic rocks; with anorogenic characteristics may imply extensional systems and represents an important frame on this region, related to the Estatherian Tafrogenetic Event. Increases the possibilities to occur some sedimentation associated to this anorogenic magmatism, related to rift type basins developed during this period. Ages from this interval (1800 - 1600 Ma) occurs at the Apiaí Belt for the sienogranites proto to milonitics from the Tigre Nucleous at the south of the Passa Tres granitic body and at the nothwesthern portion of the granitic bathollite Três Córregos (Kaulfuss, 2001; Cury et al., 2003 e Prazeres Filho, 2005). In the South American Continent was recognized at a great part of this center west portion (Borborema Province, Espinhaço System, São João Del Rei Group, Tocantins Province and Ribeira Belt) according with Brito Neves et al. (1995). This tafrogenetic record was relatively synchronic, but variate in magnitude and extension and at most part of the time was related to crustal rifts with alkaline to sub alkaline magmatism associated with siliciclastic sedimentation. Might represent important scars associated with the breakage of some large continental masses agglutinated during the Paleoproterozoic (Atlantica Suercontinent, Rogers, 1996) or as same during the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic (Columbia Supercontinet; Rogers and Santos, 2002; Zhao et al., 2004). The geologic studies of the metavolcanossedimentary sequences (Betara Formation) in tectonic contact with sienogranitic-granodioritic terrains (Betara Nucleous) admit to recognize three major units: Metapsamitic sequence (lower), recognized mainly by quartzites, a marble, calciossilicatic and marly sequence (intermediary) and a metapelitic sequence (upper) where predominate phyllites associated with metabasic rocks. The geochronological data obtained from the U-Pb (zircon) method refers to metabasic rock bodies (dikes or sills) who occurs in conformity and intercalated with the upper pelitic sequence. The geochemical studies of this bodies indicates this ortho derived nature and a subalkaline chemical characteristics who suggests a distensive ambient. The ages obtained in a range between 1500-1450 Ma can be interpreted like minimal ages to deposition for the Betara Formation. Values at this same range (1450-1500 Ma) were obtained recently to the Votuverava, Perau and Água Clara Formations. The Mesoproterozoic represents an important frame related to deposition of the great part of the metavolcanossedimentary sequences of the southern Ribeira Belt. The geologic-geochronologic patterns, with the structural patterns observed to the Betara Region suggests whom the placement of this terraines at the upper crustal levels occurs at the Neoproterozoic, function of a shear-controlled tectonics

Geology and geochronology of the Betara region in south-southeastern Brazil: Evidence for possible Statherian (1.80-1.75 Ga) and Calymmian (1.50-1.45 Ga) extension events

The results of geological mapping, chemical analysis and radiometric dating of metabasic rocks of Betara Formation, and mapping and dating of those present in the Betara basement nucleus together with mylonitic granodiorite and syenogranite are reported here. U-Pb analysis of bulk zircon fractions from the metabasic rocks of the basement nucleus yielded a Statherian age of 1790 +/- 22 Ma, while the metabasic rocks from the upper part of the Betara Formation yielded a Calymmian age between 1500 and 1450 Ma. This age is a minimum for the deposition of the Betara Formation. The older metabasic rocks are associated with post-tectonic, possibly anorogenic syenogranite, while the younger ones are gabbro or very porphyritic ankaramite whose REE patterns are consistent with crystallization from an N-MORB parent magma. The observations and data point to the probable events associated with extensional processes of the end of Paleoproterozoic and early Mesoproterozoic. Similar registers of Statherian (1.80-1.75 Ga) and Calymmian (1.50-1.45 Ga) extensional events are recorded in other parts of the South American and African continents. The Neoproterozoic witnessed the formation and junction of the tectonic slices which formed the Apiai domain during the assemblage of western Gondwana. (C) 2010 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP[06/03608-6]FAPESP[05/58688-1]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research