Andean indigenous food crops: nutritional value and bioactive compounds

The Andean area of South America is a very important center for the domestication of food crops. This area is the botanical origin of potato, peanut and tomato. Less well- known crops, such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) and kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus), were also domesticated by ancient Andean farmers. These crops have a long history of safe use with the local populations and they have contributed to the nutrition and wellbeing of the people for centuries. Several studies have reported the nutritional value of Andean grains. They contain proteins with a balanced essential amino acid composition that are of high biological value, good quality oil and essential minerals, for example iron, calcium and zinc. They are potential sources of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and dietary fiber. The main objective of the practical work was to assess the nutritional value of Andean native grains with a special emphasis on the bioactive components and the impact of processing. The compounds studied were phenolic acids, flavonoids, betalains and dietary fiber. The radical scavenging activity was measured as well. Iron, calcium and zinc content and their bioavailability were analyzed as well. The grains were processed by extrusion with the aim to study the effect of processing on the chemical composition. Quinoa, kañiwa and kiwicha are very good sources of dietary fiber, especially of insoluble dietary fiber. The phenolic acid content in Andean crops was low compared with common cereals like wheat and rye, but was similar to levels found in oat, barley, corn and rice. The flavonoid content of quinoa and kañiwa was exceptionally high. Kiwicha did not contain quantifiable amounts of these compounds. Only one variety of kiwicha contained low amounts of betalains. These compounds were not detected in kañiwa or quinoa. Quinoa, kañiwa and kiwicha are good sources of minerals. Their calcium, zinc and iron content are higher than the content of these minerals in common cereals. In general, roasting did not affect significantly mineral bioavailability. On the contrary, in cooked grains, there was an increase in bioavailability of zinc and, in the case of kañiwa, also in iron and calcium bioavailability. In all cases, the contents of total and insoluble dietary fiber decreased during the extrusion process. At the same time, the content of soluble dietary fiber increased. The content of total phenolics, phytic acid and the antioxidant activity decreased in kiwicha varieties during the extrusion process. In the case of quinoa, the content of total phenolic compounds and the radical scavenging activity increased during the extrusion process in all varieties. Taken together, the studies presented here demonstrate that the Andean indigenous crops have excellent potential as sources of minerals, flavonoids and dietary fiber. Further studies should be conducted to characterize the phenolic compound and antioxidant composition in processed grains and end products. Quinoa, kañiwa and kiwicha grains are consumed widely in Andean countries but they also have a significant, worldwide potential as a new cultivated crop species and as an imported commodity from South America. Their inclusion in the diet has the potential to improve the intake of minerals and health-promoting bioactive compounds. They may also be interesting raw materials for special dietary foods and functional foods offering natural sources of specific health-promoting components.Siirretty Doriast

Rautjärven reumaatikkojen kokemuksia fysioterapian vaikutuksesta toimintakykyynsä

Reuma on tulehduksellinen autoimmuunisairaus. Yleisimpiä reumasairauksia ovat nivelreuma ja selkärankareuma, joita tässäkin opinnäytetyössä käsitellään. Nivelreuman yleisin piirre on nivelkalvon tulehdus. Sairaus kestää vuosia ja invalidisoi sairastuneen vuosien kuluessa. Sitä esiintyy ympäri maailmaa ja Suomessa sitä sairastaa noin 32 000 henkilöä. Naiset sairastavat nivelreumaa useammin kuin miehet. Selkärankareuma on krooninen tulehduksellinen sairaus ja siihen sairastutaan yleensä 20- 40-vuotiaina. Se on toiseksi yleisin reumasairaus nivelreuman jälkeen. Yleensä sairastunut on mies. Sairastuneilla naisilla tauti on lievempi kuin miehillä. Yleisin selkärankareuman ensioire on krooninen selkäkipu. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutkittiin reumaatikkojen kokemuksia fysioterapian vaikutuksista fyysiseen toimintakykyyn, terveyteen vaikuttavaan elämänlaatuun ja mikä oli heidän mielestään parhaiten vaikuttanut fysioterapiamuoto. Tämä opinnäytetyö on toteutettu laadullisella eli kvalitatiivisella tutkimusmenetelmällä. Aineisto kerättiin haastatteluilla tammikuussa 2011, kaikki haastattelut nauhoitettiin. Aineisto käsiteltiin teema-analyysimenetelmällä. Haastatteluun osallistui viisi vapaaehtoista reumaatikkoa, joista yksi perui osallistumisensa kesken opinnäytetyön teon. Tutkimuksessa kävi ilmi, että reumaatikot kokevat hyötyvänsä fysioterapiasta. Fysioterapia lievittää nivelkipuja, parantaa tai ylläpitää liikkuvuutta, motivoi uusiin liikuntalajeihin ja parantaa mielialaa. Tutkimus todistaa, että fysioterapia on kokonaisuudessaan hyvä asia reuman hoidossa. Jatkossa voisi tutkia onko eri alueiden välillä eroavaisuuksia fysioterapiakokemuksista.The rheumatism is an inflammatory autoimmune disease. The most common rheumatic diseases are the articular rheumatism and the ankylosing spondylitis which in this also dissertation are dealt with. The most general feature of the articular rheumatism is the inflammation of the synovial membrane. the illness lasts the years and disables the one which had become ill within years. It appears around the world and in Finland about 32 000 persons are sick it. The women have articular rheumatism more often than the men. The ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory illness and it is usually become ill with it at 20- 40. It is the second most general rheumatic disease after the articular rheumatism. Usually a man is become ill. On the women who have become ill the disease is more slight than that of the men. The most general first symptom of the ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic backache. In this dissertation the rheumatics' experiences of the effects of the physiotherapy were studied to the quality of life which affects a physical ability to function, health and what was in their opinion a physiotherapy form which had had effect best. This thesis has been carried out with qualitative, in other words qualitative research method. The material was collected in January 2011 with interviews, all the interviews were recorded. The material was dealt with on a Theme-Analysis Method . Five voluntary rheumatics one of which cancelled its participation between the making of the dissertation participated in the interview. In the study it appeared that the rheumatics experience that they are benefiting from the physiotherapy. The physiotherapy relieves joint pains, cures or maintains mobility, motivates to new physical education species and improves the mood. The study proves that the physiotherapy is a good matter on the whole in the care of the rheumatism. In the future one could study if there are differences from the physiotherapy experiences between different areas

Errors and Corrections : Early Modern English Errata Lists in 1529–1700 and Their Connection to Prescriptivism

This thesis concentrates on early modern English (ca. 1500–1700) errata lists and prescriptivism. Errata lists refer to lists of corrections to a specific printed book or document. Early modern errata lists were used to corrected errors that were noticed after the printing of a book was completed. The second major theme besides errata lists is linguistic prescriptivism, which refers to an ideology which requires something to be said or written the correct way. The aim of this thesis is to study the characteristics of the early modern errata lists and to determine whether there is a connection between the errata lists and prescriptivism, that is, do the errata lists display prescriptivism. The material of this study consists of 80 English language books and their errata lists from 1529 to 1700, ten from every 25 years. From this material, seven different aspects were studied in order to determine some characteristics of the errata lists and their connection to prescriptivism: 1) the variety of books with errata lists, 2) the physical placement, 3) the headings and 4) the layout of the errata lists, 5) the average frequency of errors in the books, 6) types of individual errors, as well as 7) types of prescriptive corrections. The inspection of these aspects revealed that errata lists are a heterogenous group that still share some common characteristics. The errata lists appear in various different kinds of works but are located either in the front or back matter of the book. The back matter was the most common location for the errata lists in every studied year, except in 1700. The errata lists exhibit two common patterns of headings, Errata and Faults escaped out of which the latter was more common between 1529 and 1600, but disappears from use after 1600 in this data. The errata lists can also be categorised by their layouts into horizontal lists, vertical lists and tables. Overall, the horizontal list layout was the most common, and after the year 1600, vertical lists disappear and tables become less common. The frequency of errors in the books varied greatly from 0.01 to 1.07 errors per page, on average. The errors in the errata lists were grouped into four classes, omission, addition, substitution and transposition, based on whether the changes appeared in character level, word level or above word level. The inspection of prescriptive corrections revealed two types of corrections that could be said to be prescriptive: corrections to orthography and grammar. This inspection supported the idea of errata lists being prescriptive. Since errata lists are a way to rectify errors, one of the purposes of them can be said to be similar to other prescriptive works that want to promote a certain kind of language use. This thesis provides a basis for future research on errata lists, as they have not been systematically studied yet

Phabongkha and the Yoginī : The Life, Patronage and Devotion of the Lhasa Aristocrat, Lady Lhalu Lhacham Yangdzom Tsering

http://jocbs.org/index.php/jocbsPeer reviewe

Preschool children learning a foreign vowel through a two-day listen-and-repeat training

This thesis concentrates on second language learning during childhood. The theoretical part of the thesis examines different kinds of second language learning theories from the perspective of foreign language learning in children. The empirical part of the study utilises the theories and models presented in the theoretical part in determining the theoretical framework for the study to shed light on the questions around second language learning during childhood in the best possible way. The aim of this thesis is to study how listen-and-repeat production training affects children’s ability to perceive and produce a non-native vowel, which is theoretically as challenging as possible. The non-native vowel was embedded in a pseudo-word context. The stimuli used in the study were two semisynthetic pseudo-words, /tʉ:ti/ and /ty:ti/. Primary interest was pointed to the pseudoword /tʉ:ti/, as it contained the target vowel /ʉ/ which is phonemically irrelevant in Finnish, but relevant in Swedish. The participant group consisted of 12 Finnish preschool girls, aged 6–7. The participants participated in the study on two consecutive days which consisted of two training and two recording sessions. The recorded productions were analysed acoustically to find out the first two formant frequencies of the target vowel /ʉ/ and the non-target vowel /y/. The values were then statistically analysed. The results revealed that the participants learned to produce the non-native vowel in two days, after four training sessions. The results support earlier research on foreign language speech sound learning by children. Children are fast learners and benefit from listen-and-repeat training in learning foreign language speech sounds

Scarpa fascia preservation to reduce seroma rate on massive weight loss patients undergoing abdominoplasty : a comparative study

Seroma is one of the most common complication in abdominoplasty, particularly in massive weight loss patients. Scarpa fascia preservation seems to mitigate postoperative complications. We aimed to further investigate this issue on massive weight loss patients. This was single-centered retrospective comparative study, including a total of 202 MWL patients operated between 2009 and 2019 in a University Hospital. Patients with a weight loss greater than 30 kg underwent primary abdominoplasty were included. Of them, 149 went through traditional abdominoplasty and 53 Scarpa fascia preserving abdominoplasty. The primary outcome measure was seroma occurrence, while drainage amount, hospital stay and surgical site occurrence were also charted. Preserving Scarpa fascia resulted in a significantly reduced seroma occurrence (9.4% vs 26.2%, p=0.011) and decreased mean drainage time (3.7 vs 5.3 days, p=0.025). Trend towards lowered drainage output and shorter hospital stay were also detected. Other complications did not differ between the study groups. Preserving Scarpa fascia during abdominoplasty for MWL patients may result in decreased seroma occurrence and earlier drains removal. Larger studies are warranted to further support these findings

Securin-related cell proliferation in breast cancer prognosis

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women. It remains a major cause of mortality among women, although the five-year survival of breast cancer patients is about 90%. To aid in the clinical treatment decisions, clinical factors and biomarkers are utilized to predict the behaviour and prognosis of breast cancer. Traditionally such prognostic factors have been the size and stage of the tumour, hormone receptor expression, the amplification status of Her2 oncogene and the proliferation activity of the tumour cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate regulatory proteins of the metaphase-anaphase transition of the cell division and evaluate their potential value in predicting the prognosis of breast carcinoma patients. The study is based on 1135 breast cancer patients with a maximum follow-up time of 22 years. The tissue material was collected into tissue microarrays and the protein expressions were analysed with immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods. Securin, PTTG1IP, separase and SA2 are proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. In this study, the immunohistochemical expression of these proteins in breast cancer tissue was examined. The changes in the expression profile were then used to estimate their prognostic value. Securin overexpression alone predicted a 2.4-fold risk of breast cancer death (p>0.001). Combined with the other studied cell-cycle proteins, this risk was emphasized. A model combining securin, separase and axillary lymph node status increased the risk of breast cancer death 6.2-fold (p 0.0006, CI 3.2-82.6). In addition, cytoplasmic securin expression was associated with triple negative subtype of breast cancer. Based on this study securin-related cell cycle proteins are promising new candidates as biomarkers for breast cancer prognosis.Sekuriini ja siihen liittyvät säätelyproteiinit rintasyövän ennustetekijöinä Rintasyöpä on naisten yleisin syöpä. Viiden vuoden jälkeen sairastuneista naisista elossa on n. 90%. Hyvistä hoitotuloksista huolimatta rintasyöpään liittyy siis edelleen huomattavaa kuolleisuutta. Rintasyövän käyttäytymisen ennustaminen on perinteisesti perustunut kasvaimen kokoon, taudin levinneisyyteen, hormonireseptorien ja Her2-onkogeenin ilmentymiseen syöpäsoluissa sekä kasvainsolujen proliferaatioaktiivisuuteen. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää uusia rintasyövän taudinkulkuun ja potilaiden ennusteeseen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tutkimus perustuu yhteensä 1135 rintasyöpäpotilaan aineistoon ja enimmillään 22 vuoden seuranta-aikaan. Potilaiden kudosnäytteistä valmistettiin monikudosblokit, joita tutkittiin immunohistokemiallisin ja immunofluoresenssi-menetelmin. Sekuriini, PTTG1IP, separaasi ja SA2 ovat solunjakautumisen säätelyyn osallistuvia proteiineja. Tutkimuksessa määritettiin näiden proteiinien immunohistokemiallista ilmentymistä rintasyöpäkudoksessa sekä värjäytymisprofiilin muutosten vaikutusta potilaiden ennusteeseen. Sekuriinin yli-ilmentyminen yksinään ennusti 2.4-kertaista rintasyöpäkuoleman riskiä (p>0.001). Yhdistettynä muihin solunjakautumisen säätelyyn osallistuviin proteiineihin riski korostui. Sekuriini, separaasi ja kainaloimusolmukestatus ennustivat 6.2-kertaista riskiä (p 0.0006, CI 3.2-82.6). Sekuriinin ilmentyminen solun sytoplasmassa liittyi voimakkaasti huonoennusteiseen kolmoisnegatiiviseen rintasyöpään. Tutkimuksen perusteella sekuriiniin liittyvät solunjakautumista säätelevät proteiinit ovat lupaavia tulevaisuuden biomarkkereita rintasyövän ennusteenarviointia ja yksilöllisiä hoitopäätöksiä varten

Enhancing Lean Manufacturing Utilizing Industry 4.0 Technologies: A Focus on Cyber-Physical Systems

The industry is a significant part of our economy, providing our material goods in a highly mechanized and automatized way. The industry has gone through three acknowledged revolutions, and now the industry is on the verge of the fourth industrial revolution as known as Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 surfaced in the 21st century and has gained interest exponentially after 2016. However, the research on this topic is still in its early stages. Thus, this has been taken into account as the research is conducted on a more specific topic. Industry 4.0 composes of many different technologies, from which the main focus of this thesis' is on Cyber-Physical Systems and what they might offer to Lean Manufacturing. The aim of this thesis is also to provide basic knowledge of lean and Industry 4.0 in general so that it allows more profound exploring of Cyber-Physical Systems and helps to perceive the possibilities more extensively. This thesis also presents significant concerns regarding the use of Cyber-Physical Systems. Based on these topics, the conclusion can be formed to answer what possibilities Industry 4.0 offers. The main findings from this literature review prove that Industry 4.0 and Cyber-Physical Systems can offer a great variety of possibilities to Lean Manufacturing. As it is debated that Lean Manufacturing, as is, is reaching its limits, implementing Industry 4.0 technologies are becoming crucial to maintain competitive capability. Cyber-Physical Systems could offer enhancement through streamlining the manufacturing process, reducing waste and workload, and better deficit and abnormality detection, for example. As a contribution, this thesis provides information in a chronological order to provide extensive enough understanding and an answer to the research question