Adsorção e dessorção de trifloxysulfuron-sodium e ametryn em solos brasileiros

O estudo objetivou avaliar os coeficientes adsortivos e dessortivos de ametryn e trifloxysulfuron-sodium em seis solos brasileiros, com intuito de prever o comportamento e o potencial de movimentação desses herbicidas nos solos. Utilizou-se o método Batch slurry, conduzido em condições controladas de laboratório. Para isso, 10,0 mL das soluções em CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1, contendo 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 e 100 µg mL-1 de ametryn e 0; 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; e 4,0 µg mL-1 de trifloxysulfuron-sodium, foram adicionadas em frascos com 2,0 g de solo, permanecendo sob agitação orbital até atingir o tempo de equilíbrio. Após centrifugação e filtração, a concentração do sobrenadante foi determinada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), com detector UV a 245 nm. A dessorção foi avaliada para a maior dosagem utilizada de cada composto. O solo Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico - LVdf (Sete Lagoas) apresentou o maior coeficiente de adsorção (Kf) para ambos os herbicidas, sendo o mesmo atribuído ao seu elevado teor de matéria orgânica (MO). Verificou-se correlação positiva do Kf de ametryn com MO (0,81), percentual de argila (ARG) (0,80) e capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) (0,75) dos solos, sendo a MO identificada como o principal contribuinte na sua adsorção. Entretanto, o Kf de trifloxysulfuron-sodium apresentou apenas pequena correlação com ARG (0,48) e MO (0,28), sendo sua adsorção dependente, possivelmente, do teor de óxidos de Fe e Al presentes no solo. Baixos índices H de histerese foram verificados no ametryn em relação a trifloxysulfuron-sodium, representando maior potencial de dessorção e, conseqüentemente, risco de lixiviação desse herbicida no perfil dos solos estudados.The aim of this work was to evaluate the adsorption and desorption coefficients of ametryn and trifloxysulfuron-sodium in six Brazilian soils to predict the potential of behavior and movement of these herbicides on soils. The "Batch slurry" method was used under controlled laboratory conditions. Thus, 10.0 mL of solutions in CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1, containing 0, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg mL-1 of ametryn and 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 µg mL-1 of trifloxysulfuron-sodium, were added to flasks containing 2.0 g soil, under orbital agitation until reaching balance time. After centrifugation and filtration, supernatant concentration was quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), with 245 nm UV detector. Desorption was evaluated considering the highest dosage of each compound. The Rhodic Hapludox soil (Sete Lagoas) presented the highest coefficient of adsorption (Kf) for both herbicides, due to its high amount of organic matter (OM). Positive correlation of ametryn Kf was verified with OM (0.81), clay percentage (ARG) (0.80) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) (0.75) of the soils, while OM was the main contributor to its adsorption. However, Kf of trifloxysulfuron-sodium presented only a small correlation with ARG (0.48) and OM (0.28), as its adsorption was possibly dependent on oxides of Fe and Al. Low hysteresis index H was verified for ametryn in relation to trifloxysulfuron-sodium, representing higher desorption potential and, consequently, leaching risk for that herbicide on the profile of the soils analyzed

Deletion of kinin B2 receptor alters muscle metabolism and exercise performance

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic risk factors such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Mitochondria is the main site of ATP production and its dysfunction leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in lipid accumulation and insulin resistance. Our group has demonstrated that kinins can modulate glucose and lipid metabolism as well as skeletal muscle mass. By using B2 receptor knockout mice (B2R-/-) we investigated whether kinin action affects weight gain and physical performance of the animals. Our results show that B2R-/- mice are resistant to high fat diet-induced obesity, have higher glucose tolerance as well as increased mitochondrial mass. These features are accompanied by higher energy expenditure and a lower feed efficiency associated with an increase in the proportion of type I fibers and intermediary fibers characterized by higher mitochondrial content and increased expression of genes related to oxidative metabolism. Additionally, the increased percentage of oxidative skeletal muscle fibers and mitochondrial apparatus in B2R-/- mice is coupled with a higher aerobic exercise performance. Taken together, our data give support to the involvement of kinins in skeletal muscle fiber type distribution and muscle metabolism, which ultimately protects against fat-induced obesity and improves aerobic exercise performance

The two-dimensional random-bond Ising model, free fermions and the network model

We develop a recently-proposed mapping of the two-dimensional Ising model with random exchange (RBIM), via the transfer matrix, to a network model for a disordered system of non-interacting fermions. The RBIM transforms in this way to a localisation problem belonging to one of a set of non-standard symmetry classes, known as class D; the transition between paramagnet and ferromagnet is equivalent to a delocalisation transition between an insulator and a quantum Hall conductor. We establish the mapping as an exact and efficient tool for numerical analysis: using it, the computational effort required to study a system of width $M$ is proportional to $M^{3}$, and not exponential in $M$ as with conventional algorithms. We show how the approach may be used to calculate for the RBIM: the free energy; typical correlation lengths in quasi-one dimension for both the spin and the disorder operators; even powers of spin-spin correlation functions and their disorder-averages. We examine in detail the square-lattice, nearest-neighbour $\pm J$ RBIM, in which bonds are independently antiferromagnetic with probability $p$, and ferromagnetic with probability $1-p$. Studying temperatures $T\geq 0.4J$, we obtain precise coordinates in the $p-T$ plane for points on the phase boundary between ferromagnet and paramagnet, and for the multicritical (Nishimori) point. We demonstrate scaling flow towards the pure Ising fixed point at small $p$, and determine critical exponents at the multicritical point.Comment: 20 pages, 25 figures, figures correcte

ATIVIDADE LEISHMANICIDA in vitro DE FRAÇÕES DO EXTRATO HIDROALCOÓLICO DAS FOLHAS DE Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

A leishmaniose é uma doença infecciosa causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e representa sério problema de saúde pública em paises da África, Ásia e América Latina. Chenopodium ambrosioides L.,  popularmente conhecido como mastruz, tem sido utilizado no Maranhão para o tratamento tópico de úlceras leishmanióticas. O trabalho avaliou a eficácia das frações do extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de C. ambrosioides contra formas promastigotas da espécie Leishmania amazonensis. O fracionamento foi realizado pela partição sequencial do extrato hidroalcoólico de folhas de C. ambrosioides com solventes de polaridade crescente (hexano, clorofórmio e acetato de etila). As formas promastigotas foram cultivadas em meio RPMI 1640 com e sem as frações. Após 24h de incubação a 26ºC, o número de promastigotas viáveis foi contado pelo método direto em câmara de Neubauer. As concentrações que inibem o crescimento de 50% (CI50 ) das promastigotas de L. amazonensis foram calculadas a partir da avaliação da mortalidade das promastigotas in vitro. De acordo com escores padrões nas frações de acetato de etila e hidroalcoólica remanescente não foi observada atividade leishmanicida significativa, mas as frações hexânica e clorofórmica apresentaram-se ativas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram uma ação leishmanicida promissora das frações. Estudos futuros são necessários para investigar a eficácia destas frações no tratamento da leishmaniose em modelos experimentais in vivo.Descritores: Chenopodium ambrosioides L.; Mastruz; Leishmaniose; in vitro. Abstract:  In vitro leishmanicidal activity of fractions obtained from hydroalcoholic extracts of  Chenopodium ambrosioides’  leaves. Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and represents serious public health problem in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Chenopodium ambrosioides, popularly known as “mastruz”, has been used in Maranhão for the topical treatment of leishmanial ulcers. The study evaluated the effectiveness of the fractions from hydroalcoholic extract of C. ambrosioides’  leaves against the promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. Fractionation as accomplished by partition sequential extract of leaves of C. ambrosioides with solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate). The promastigotes forms were cultured in supplemented RPMI 1640 with or without fractions. After 24h incubation at 26°C, the number of viable promastigotes was counted by the direct method in a Neubauer chamber. The concentrations that inhibit growth of 50% (IC50 ) of L. amazonensis’ promastigotes were calculated from the assessment of the mortality of promastigotes in vitro. According to standard scores, in the ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic remaining fractions there was no leishmanicidal activity, while the hexane and chloroform fractions were actives. The results showed a promissor leishmanicidal activity of fraction. Future studies are necessary to investigate the effectiveness of these fractions in the treatment of these fractions in experimental models in vivo.Descriptors: Chenopodium ambrosioides L.; Mastruz; Leishmaniasis; in vitro