NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Accumulation Of Nutrients By Forage Grown In Domestic Sewage Treatment Runoff System [acúmulo De Nutrientes Por Forrageiras Cultivadas Em Sistema De Escoamento Superficial Para Tratamento De Esgoto Doméstico]

It is evident today that water quality is declining. This deterioration is mainly due to population growth and several aspects of agro-industrial production. This work therefore aimed to evaluate the performance of three forage species which are used for the treatment of domestic sewage (DS) applied to the soil via the superficial runoff technique. This experiment was conducted at the Agrarian Sciences Center of the Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil using a completely randomized design experimental delineation, with three replications in a split plot technique 3x5x2. The plots were composed of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Cynodon sp. cv Tifton 85 and Paspalum atratum cv. Pojuca, with five levels of effluent application rates in the subplots: 7.91, 15.81, 23.72, 31.63 and 39.54 kg ha-1 day1 BOD. Two cuts of the plant material were done at 28-day intervals after the treatment application. The results showed that nutrient accumulation by the forage was higher than that reported in literature for Marandu grass, Tifton 85 and Pojuca. These results highlight the potential of these grasses on wastewater treatment, especially DS effluent.9197108(1999) Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater, , AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION - APHAAMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION - AWWAWATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATON - WEF, 14. ed. Washington, DCBertoncini, E.I., Tratamento de efluentes e reuso da água no meio agrícola (2008) Revista Tecnologia & Inovação Agropecuária, 1 (1), pp. 152-169. , São PauloDrumond, L.C.D., Zanini, J.R., Aguiar, A.P.A., Rodrigues, G.P., Fernandes, A.L.T., Produção de matéria seca em pastagem de tifton 85 irrigada, com diferentes doses de dejeto líquido de suíno (2006) Engenharia Agrícola, 26 (2), pp. 426-433. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69162006000200009, Jaboticabal(1997) Manual De Análises De Solo, p. 212. , EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA, Rio de Janeiro: EMBRAPA/SNCS(1999) Manual De Análises Químicas De Solo, Plantas E Fertilizantes, p. 370. , EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA, Brasília: Embrapa Comunicação para transferência tecnologiaErthal, V.J.T., Ferreira, P.A., Pereira, O.G., Matos, A.T., Características fisiológicas, nutricionais e rendimento de forrageiras fertirrigadas com água residuária de bovinocultura (2010) Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola E Ambiental, 14 (5), pp. 458-466. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662010000500002, Campina GrandeFeigin, A., Ravina, I., Shalhevet, J., (1991) Irrigation With Treated Sewage Effluent: Management For Environmental Protection, p. 224. , Berlin: Springer-VerlagFerreira, A.S., Alterações de atributos químicos e biológicos de solo e rendimento de milho e soja pela utilização de resíduos de curtume e carbonífero (2003) Revista Brasileira De Ciências Do Solo, 27 (4), pp. 755-763. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832003000400020, ViçosaFonseca, S.P.P., Soares, A.A., Chernicharo, C.L., Vianna, M.R., Matos, A.T., Comparação de metodologias para dimensionamento do tratamento de esgoto doméstico pelo método de escoamento superficial (2000) Congresso Interamericano De Engenharia Sanitária E Ambiental, , Anais, Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre: [s.n.], 2000Galzerano, L., Morgado, E., Influence of Nitrogen on yield and quality of Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) grass (2007) Revista Electrónica De Veterinária, 8 (2), pp. 1-8. , MálagaHaddad, C.M., Castro, F.G.F., Produção de feno (1998) Simpósio Sobre Manejo Da Pastagem, p. 151. , Anais, 15., 1998, Piracicaba, Piracicaba: FEALQLoures, A.P.S., Soares, A.A., de Matos, A.T., Cecon, P.R., Pereira, O.G., Remoção de fósforo em sistemas de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, por escoamento superficial (2006) Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola E Ambiental, 10 (3), pp. 706-714. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662006000300025, Campina GrandeMalavolta, E., (1980) Elementos De Nutrição Mineral De Plantas, p. 251. , São Paulo: Agronômica CeresMatos, A.T., Abrahão, S.S., Lo Paola, A.V., Sarmento, M., Matos, A.P., De, M.P., Capacidade extratora de plantas em sistemas alagados utilizados no tratamento de águas residuárias de laticínios (2010) Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola E Ambiental, 14 (12), pp. 1311-1317. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1415-43662010001200009, Campina GrandeMelo, W.J., Marques, M.O., Potencial do lodo de esgoto como fontes de nutrientes para as plantas (2000) Impacto Ambiental Do Uso Agrícola Do Lodo De Esgoto, 5, pp. 109-141. , In: BETTIOL, W.CAMARGO, O. A. (Org.), Jaguariúna: EMBRAPAOliveira, M.A., Pereira, O.G., Garcia, R., Obeid, J.A., Cecon, P.R., Moraes, S.A., Rendimento e valor nutritivo do capim tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) em diferentes idades de rebrota (2000) Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, 29 (6), pp. 1949-1960. , PiracicabaPaganini, W.S., (1997) Disposição De Esgoto No Solo, Através De Escoamento À Superfície, Com Utilização De Gramíneas: Avaliação Do Processo Quanto Aos Aspectos Sanitários, Operacionais, Construtivos E De Manutenção, p. 197. , Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Civil) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil, Universidade de São PauloPrimavesi, A.C., Primavesi, O.D.O., de Corrêa, L.A., Cantarella, H., da Silva, A.G., de Freitas, A.R., Adubação nitrogenada em Capim-Coastcross: Efeitos na extração de nutrientes e recuperação aparente do nitrogênio (2004) Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, 33 (1), pp. 68-78. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982004000100010, PiracicabaQueiroz, F.M., Matos, A.T., Pereira, O.G., Oliveira, R.A., (2001) The Dry Matter Yield of Forage-grass Species In Overland Flow Treatment Using Swine Wastewater, pp. 166-172. , In: SOARES, A. A.SATURNINO, H. M. (Org.), Brasília: ABIDQueiroz, F.M., Matos, A.T., Pereira, O.G., Oliveira, R.A., Lemos, A.F., Características químicas do solo e absorção de nutrientes por gramíneas em rampas de tratamento de águas residuárias da suinocultura (2004) Engenharia Na Agricultura, 12 (2), pp. 77-90. , ViçosaRibeiro, K.G., Pereira, O.G., Garcia, R., Filho, V.S.C., Cecon, P.R., Composição e extração mineral do capim-tifton 85, em três idades de rebrota, sob cinco doses de nitrogênio (2000) Reunião Anual Da Sociedade Brasileira De Zootecnia, p. 55. , In: Anais, 37., 2000, ViçosaRibeiro, M.S., Efeitos de águas residuárias de café no crescimento vegetativo de cafeeiros em seu primeiro ano (2009) Engenharia Agrícola, 29 (4), pp. 569-577. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-69162009000400007, JaboticabalNeto, S.S.P., Silva, J.E.C., Santos, A.C., Castro, J.G.D., Dim, V.P., Araújo, A., Dos, S., Características agronômicas e nutricionais do capim-Marandu em função da aplicação de resíduo líquido de frigorífico (2010) Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences, 32 (1), pp. 9-17. , MaringáSilva, D.J., Queiroz, A.C., (2002) Análise De Alimentos (métodos Químicos E Biológicos), p. 235. , 3. ed. Viçosa, MG: UFVde Souza, E.R.B., Borges, J.D., Leandro, W.M., de Oliveira Jr., J.P., de Oliveira, I.P., Ximenes, P.A., Teores de metais tóxicos nas folhas de plantas de milho fertilizadas com lodo de curtume (2005) Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical, 35 (2), pp. 117-122von Sperling, M., (1996) Princípios Básicos Do Tratamento De Esgotos, 2, p. 211. , Belo Horizonte: Departamento de Engenharia sanitária e ambiental. Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisWerner, J.C., Paulino, V.T., Cantarella, H., Andrade, N.O., Forrageiras, Q.J.A., (1996) Recomendações De Adubação E Calagem Para O Estado De São Paulo, pp. 263-274. , In: RAIJ, B. VanCANTARELA, H.QUAGGIO, J. A.FURLANI, A. M. C. (Ed.), 2. ed. Campinas: Fundação IAC, IAC Boletim Técnico, 10

Induced Optical Losses In Optoelectronic Devices Due Focused Ion Beam Damages

A study of damages caused by gallium focused ion beam (FIB) into III-V compounds is presented. Potential damages caused by local heating, ion implantation, and selective sputtering are presented. Preliminary analyzes shows that local heating is negligible. Gallium implantation is shown to occur over areas tens of nanometers thick. Gallium accumulation as well as selective sputtering during III-V compounds milling is expected. Particularly, for GaAs, this effect leads to gallium segregation and formation of metallic clusters. Microdisks resonators are fabricated using FIB milling with different emission currents to analyze these effects on a device. It is shown that for higher emission current, thus higher implantation doses, the cavity quality factor rapidly decreases due optical scattering losses induced by implanted gallium atoms.728791Vallini, F., Figueira, D.S.L., Jarschel, P.F., Barea, L.A.M., von Zuben, A.A.G., Filho, A.S., Frateschi, N.C., Effects of Ga + milling on InGaAsP quantum well laser with mirrors milled by focused ion beam (2009) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 27, pp. L25Barea, L.A.M., Vallini, F., Vaz, A.R., Mialichi, J.R., Frateschi, N.C., Low-roughness active microdisk resonators fabricated by focused ion beam (2009) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 27, p. 6Chen, H., McKay, H.A., Feenstra, R.M., Aers, G.C., Poole, P.J., Williams, R.L., Charbonneau, S., Mitchell, I.V., InGaAs/InP quantum well intermixing studied by cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy (2001) J. Appl. Phys, 89, p. 4815Ziegler, J.F., Biersack, J.P., Littmark, U., (1984) The Stopping and Range of Ions In Solids, 1. , Pergamon Press, New YorkFrateschi, N.C., Levi, A.F.J., The spectrum of microdisk lasers (1996) J. Appl. Phis, 80, p. 2Koren, U., Miller, B.I., Su, Y.K., Koch, T.L., Bowers, J.E., Low Internal Loss Separate Confinement Heterostructure InGaAs/InGaAsP Quantum Well Laser (1987) Appl. Phys. Lett, 51, p. 1744. , p