CMOS programmable analog memory-cell array using floating-gate circuits

Journal ArticleThe complexity of analog VLSI systems is often limited by the number of pins on a chip rather than by the die area. Currently, many analog parameters and biases are stored off-chip. Moving parameter storage on-chip could save pins and allow us to create complex programmable analog systems. In this paper, we present a design for an on-chip nonvolatile analog memory cell that can be configured in addressable arrays and programmed easily. We use floating-gate MOS transistors to store charge, and we use the processes of tunneling and hot-electron injection to program values. We have fabricated two versions of this design: one with an nFET injection mechanism and one with a pFET injection mechanism. With these designs, we achieve greater than 13-bit output precision with a 39-dB power-supply rejection ratio and no crosstalk between memory cells

Patterns and Processes of Groundwater Invasion by Copepods in the Interior Low Plateaus of the United States

The copepod crustacean fauna collected from subterranean habitats, including caves, wells, and the hyporheos of streams in and near the Interior Low Plateaus of the United States is dominated by Cyclopoida, with 39 species, followed by Harpacticoida with 9, and Calanoida with 2. Nearly all of the harpacticoid and calanoid species are widespread, primarily surface-dwelling generalists. Fourteen of the cyclopoids, members of the genera Diacyclops, Itocyclops, Megacyclops, and Rheocyclops, are apparently obligate stygobionts or hyporheic. Several of the species that are more strongly modified for subterranean existence occur only in the more southern, unglaciated areas. Our sampling data support the hypothesis that the more specialized, groundwater-interstitial species have been unable to disperse into previously glaciated regions; whereas some, less-specialized species may have invaded groundwaters from surface habitats as the glaciers receded

Pedagogies of the Poor: Resisting Resilience in Eastern Europe and Beyond

This article illustrates the different ways in which the poor are being put to work, in defence of a global neoliberal order by global economic institutions concerned with constructing them as resilient subjects, as well as by opponents of neoliberalism concerned with galvanizing the revolutionary potentials of poor people. In spite of the apparent gulf between neoliberalism and its revolutionary opponents, the poor find themselves subject to remarkably similar strategies of construction by both proponents and opponents of neoliberalism today. This predicament of the poor is particularly vexed in Eastern Europe where strategies of resilience are fast developing, and critical legal theory has so far offered little resistance to this trend. Turning against this tide, this article considers how we might reimagine poverty and conceive its politics beyond and against clichéd images of the poor as resilient subjects. Through an analysis of the work of the Hungarian filmmaker Bela Tarr, it argues for the necessity of images capable of conveying the intolerability of the conditions in which the poor continue to live, as well as the contingency of those conditions; images that serve as interventions on narratives which would reduce the poor to a life of mere resilience

Metabolomic study of the LDL receptor null mouse fed a high-fat diet reveals profound perturbations in choline metabolism that are shared with ApoE null mice

Failure to express or expression of dysfunctional low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) causes familial hypercholesterolemia in humans, a disease characterized by elevated blood cholesterol concentrations, xanthomas, and coronary heart disease, providing compelling evidence that high blood cholesterol concentrations cause atherosclerosis. In this study, we used 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine the metabolic profiles of plasma and urine from the LDLR knockout mice. Consistent with previous studies, these mice developed hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis when fed a high-fat/cholesterol/cholate-containing diet. In addition, multivariate statistical analysis of the metabolomic data highlighted significant differences in tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism, as a result of high-fat/cholesterol diet feeding. Our metabolomic study also demonstrates that the effect of high-fat/cholesterol/cholate diet, LDLR gene deficiency, and the diet-genotype interaction caused a significant perturbation in choline metabolism, notably the choline oxidation pathway. Specifically, the loss in the LDLR caused a marked reduction in the urinary excretion of betaine and dimethylglycine, especially when the mice are fed a high-fat/cholesterol/cholate diet. Furthermore, as we demonstrate that these metabolic changes are comparable with those detected in ApoE knockout mice fed the same high-fat/cholesterol/cholate diet they may be useful for monitoring the onset of atherosclerosis across animal models

Incoherent Scatter Measurements of F-Region Density, Temperatures, and Vertical Velocity at Millstone Hill

The Millstone Hill Thomson (incoherent) scatter radar system has been operated routinely since 1963 to perform a synoptic study of F-region electron densities, and electron and ion temperatures. This report describes system changes made in 1968 which considerably increased the accuracy of the measurements and allowed their extension to higher altitudes. These changes have also made it impossible to measure the vertical velocity of the plasma over the altitude range 450 to 900 km to an accuracy on the order of 5 to 10 m/sec, depending upon altitude and time of day. Of even greater significance, complete machine reduction of the results is now possible so that considerable savings in time and effort have been secured in analyzing the data. The new system permits all the radar data to be gathered in the digital computer in real time, thereby eliminating the need for post real-time processing of magnetic-tape recordings of the signals. Furthermore, it is now possible to transmit the data to other workers in computer-usable form. This report describes the main functions of the computer program required to analyze the measurements, and lists the times of all measurements made with the new system prior to 1 January 1970. Examples of these results are presented and discussed