Energy and macronutrient intakes in preschool children in urban areas of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Background: An increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity has been documented in preschool children in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. However, little is known about what preschool children in HCMC eat or how well their nutrient intake meets nutrient recommendations. This study aims to describe the energy and macronutrient intake and compare these nutrient intakes with the recommendations for Vietnamese children aged four to five years. Methods: The data comes from the baseline measurement of a one year follow-up study on obesity in 670 children attending kindergartens in HCMC. Dietary information for each child at the school and home settings was collected using Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs), by interviewing teachers and parents or main caregivers. The average energy and nutrient intake in a day was calculated. The proportion of children with energy intake from macronutrients meeting or exceeding the recommendations was estimated based on the 2006 recommended daily allowance (RDA) for Vietnamese children in this age group. Results: The dietary intake of the participants contained more energy from protein and fat, particularly animal protein and fat, and less energy from carbohydrates, than the RDA. Most children (98.1%) had mean energy intake from protein greater than the recommended level of 15%, and no child obtained energy from animal fat that was in accordance with the recommendation of less than 30% of the total fat intake. Nearly one half of children (46.5%) consumed less than the advised range of mean energy intake from carbohydrate (60%–70%). Conclusion: In this preschool child population in HCMC, in which obesity is emerging as major public health problem, there is an imbalance in dietary intake. Healthy eating programs need to be developed as a part of an obesity prevention program for young children in HCMC

Hemicoréia-hemibalismo associado a granuloma criptocócico em paciente com SIDA: relato de caso Hemichorea-hemiballism associated to cryptococcal granuloma in AIDS: case report

Distúrbios do movimento são pouco frequentes na síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA). Dentre eles destaca-se a hemicoréia-hemibalismo (HC-HB), relacionada a infecção oportunística pelo Toxoplasma gondii. Relatamos caso de HC-HB em um paciente de 28 anos portador de SIDA associada a lesão granulomatosa no núcleo sub-talâmico direito. Após insucesso no tratamento para neurotoxoplasmose, com a pesquisa de antígeno criptocóccico positiva no líquor, houve melhora clínica e radiológica com terapia antifúngica, estabelecendo-se o diagnóstico etiológico de granuloma por Cryptococcus neoformans. Discorre-se acerca das causas de HC-HB, com menção especial ao diagnóstico diferencial deste distúrbio em indivíduos infectados pelo HIV.<br>Movement disorders are not common in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hemichorea-hemiballism (HC-HB) is the most common of them all, and it is usually related to oportunistic toxoplasmosis of the basal ganglia. We present a 28-year-old man, HIV positive with HC-HB caused by a right subthalamic granuloma, which did not respond to treatment for toxoplasmosis. Cryptoccococic antigen was positive in the cerebrospinal fluid and antifungic therapy led to clinical and radiologic improvement, thus the diagnosis of a granulomatous lesion by Cryptococcus neoformans was established. Current literature on HC-HB and its relationship with AIDS is subsequently reviewed

Associação entre consumo de refrigerantes, sucos e leite, com o índice de massa corporal em escolares da rede pública de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Association between consumption of soft drinks, fruit juice, and milk and body mass index among public school students in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Avaliou-se a associação entre o consumo de refrigerantes, sucos e leite, com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) em 1.423 estudantes, entre 9 e 16 anos, de escolas públicas de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O consumo de bebidas foi avaliado por meio do recordatório alimentar de 24 horas e questionário de freqüência de consumo alimentar. Peso e estatura foram coletados para o cálculo do IMC. As análises de regressão linear foram estratificadas por sexo e ajustadas por atividade física, idade e efeito do conglomerado (classes). Verificou-se associação positiva entre freqüência de consumo de refrigerante e idade (p = 0,05) e negativa entre consumo de leite e idade (p = 0,004). Apenas para as meninas, o IMC associou-se positivamente com o consumo de sucos (&#946; = 0,02; p = 0,03). Para as outras bebidas não foram encontradas associações entre IMC e freqüência usual de consumo. O consumo de refrigerantes e sucos representou cerca de 20% do total de energia média consumida diariamente. Os resultados indicam que esforços para reduzir a ingestão de energia por meio de bebidas devem enfatizar também os sucos.<br>The association between consumption of soft drinks, fruit juice, and milk and body mass index (BMI) was evaluated in 1,423 students 9 to 16 years of age from public schools in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Beverage intake was measured using 24-hour recall and a food frequency questionnaire. Weight and height were measured to calculate BMI. Regression analyses took into account the cluster (classes) effect. Analyses were stratified by gender and adjusted for physical activity and age. The results showed a positive association between soft drink intake and age (p = 0.05) and a negative association between milk and age (p = 0.004). For girls only, there was a significant association between frequent fruit juice intake and BMI (&#946; = 0.02; p = 0.03). For the other beverages, there were no significant associations between BMI and frequent consumption in either gender. Soft drinks and juices accounted for 20% of mean daily energy intake. The results showed that efforts to reduce energy intake from beverages should include consumption of fruit juice