Mechanisms of retroviral reverse transcription and assembly

The work described in these dissertation studies examines three aspects of retrovirus replication and dissects the uncovered phenomena to increase understanding of how retroviruses thrive in complex host environments. The first aspect of replication discussed is the mechanisms behind minus-strand DNA transfer, a crucial step of reverse transcription. We proved for the first time that non-viral sequences can be utilized to carry out this step of the replication process, and that the minus-strand DNA transfer step can be exploited to reconstitute a functional gene in the infected host cell. This finding serves as a proof-of-principle for a new class of self-activating gene therapy vectors. In the second study, mechanisms of trans-complementation were studied between two distantly related retroviruses, murine leukemia virus (MLV) and spleen necrosis virus. We showed that two different species of pol proteins can be incorporated into virions and cooperate to complete the reverse transcription and integration steps of replication. This finding highlights how different species of retroviruses could possibly interact and combine to form new and possibly more virulent or pathogenic species. Finally, in the third work, a previously uninvestigated region of MLV capsid protein was examined. Specifically, the contribution of the 33 carboxyl-terminal amino acids of MLV CA were found to consist of highly charged residues. The contribution of these residues to virus assembly was investigated via deletion analysis. A new phenotype of MLV CA assembly defect was demonstrated, and a structural model was proposed to explain the possible role of this region, termed the charged assembly helix, in MLV assembly. In summary, the work presented in this dissertation has revealed new properties of retroviral replication as well as further clarified previous knowledge of retroviral biology

De aftaleretlige tekstkorpora - principper, pragmatiske løsninger og praksis

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Karl Johan Danell: La linguistique. Pratique et théorie. Lund: Studentlitteratur, 1993

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Genre Analysis of Legal Discourse

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Treatment of adult ADHD: Is current knowledge useful to clinicians?

Psychostimulant drugs have for decades been considered the cornerstone of ADHD treatment. Non-stimulant drugs have also been reported successful. However, many controlled studies exclude patients with comorbidities typical for patients seen in clinical setting. Many patients are also considered non-responders to medication. Current knowledge might not be directly useful to clinicians. The present article reviews the literature on pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment in adult ADHD emphasizing comorbidity and other clinically important factors, as well as ADHD specific outcomes. Thirty-three relevant studies of pharmacotherapy and three studies of psychotherapy were included. Most subjects had little current comorbidity, but some studies included subjects with substance use disorder. Significant effect of treatment on ADHD symptoms was found in most studies using pharmacotherapy and all studies of psychotherapy. Both positive and negative effects on comorbid anxiety and depression measures were reported. Pharmacotherapy did not seem to have effect on substance use disorder. Few pharmacotherapy studies conducted any long-term follow-up; two studies that did, found that most subjects had discontinued medication. A clear-cut dose-respons relationship was not substanciated. In conclusion, clinicians have good support for both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment of ADHD in adults, but should take additional measures to deal with comorbidities as well as treatment adherence

Précis-writing, Revision and Editing: Piloting the European Master in Translation

The paper reports on and discusses the authors’ development of and experience with Précis-writing, revision and editing, a pilot module developed especially for the European Master in Translation (EMT). The background, aim and important characteristics of the EMT are briefly explained. Inspired by the IAMLADP report from 2001, the module development included an exploratory survey of the translation industry internationally and in Denmark, employing web-based questionnaires supplemented by a focus-group interview with translator-editors of the European Commission. Our findings generated knowledge about professional précis-writing, revision and editing, including relevant norms and concepts. It also provided useful input on perceived training needs in this respect within the translation profession. The module development also comprised selecting a suitable theoretical foundation and designing a manageable course structure. Students’ written evaluations of a course taught in the spring of 2005 are summarized, and the paper concludes with the authors’ recommendations for others involved in university-level translator training.Dans cet article, les auteurs rendent compte de leur expérience du module pilote Précis-writing, revision and editing (Contraction, révision et édition de textes), qui a été mis au point dans le cadre du European Master in Translation (EMT). Les origines, les objectifs et les caractéristiques du EMT sont brièvement passés en revue. La mise au point du module, inspiré par le rapport IAMLADP de 2001, comprenait une étude exploratoire de l’industrie de la traduction, tant sur le plan international que national. L’étude a été réalisée au moyen d’un questionnaire en ligne, et a été complétée par une entrevue focalisée de traducteurs-éditeurs de la Commission européenne. Les résultats obtenus ont fourni des informations détaillées sur la pratique de la contraction, la révision et l’édition des textes professionnels, et ont permis de dégager un ensemble de normes et de concepts pertinents. L’étude a en outre contribué à identifier les besoins de formation professionnelle dans les métiers de la traduction. La mise au point du module a impliqué la constitution d’une base théorique appropriée et la mise en place d’un cadre didactique et pédagogique. Les évaluations des étudiants sur un cours donné au printemps 2005 sont résumées, et l’article se conclut sur des recommandations utiles pour l’évolution de la formation universitaire des traducteurs

Does mental well-being protect against self-harm thoughts and behaviors during adolescence? A six-month prospective investigation

Mental well-being protects against the emergence of suicidal thoughts. However, it is not clear whether these findings extend to self-harm thoughts and behaviors irrespective of intent during adolescence—or why this relationship exists. The current study aimed to test predictions—informed by the integrated motivational–volitional (IMV) model of suicide—concerning the role of perceived defeat and entrapment within the link between mental well-being and self-harm risk. Young people (n = 573) from secondary schools across Scotland completed an anonymous self-report survey at two time points, six months apart, that assessed mental well-being, self-harm thoughts and behaviors, depressive symptomology and feelings of defeat and entrapment. Mental well-being was associated with reduced defeat and entrapment (internal and external) and a decrease in the likelihood that a young person would engage in self-harm thoughts and behaviors. The relationship between mental well-being and thoughts of self-harm was mediated by perceptions of defeat and entrapment (internal and external). Mental well-being was indirectly related to self-harm behaviors via decreased feelings of defeat and internal (but not external) entrapment. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the psychological processes linking mental well-being and self-harm risk and highlight the importance of incorporating the promotion of mental well-being within future prevention and early intervention efforts

Sea ice and millennial-scale climate variability in the Nordic seas 90 kyr ago to present

Publisher's version, source http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12247In the light of rapidly diminishing sea ice cover in the Arctic during the present atmospheric warming, it is imperative to study the distribution of sea ice in the past in relation to rapid climate change. Here we focus on glacial millennial-scale climatic events (Dansgaard/Oeschger events) using the sea ice proxy IP25 in combination with phytoplankton proxy data and quantification of diatom species in a record from the southeast Norwegian Sea. We demonstrate that expansion and retreat of sea ice varies consistently in pace with the rapid climate changes 90 kyr ago to present. Sea ice retreats abruptly at the start of warm interstadials, but spreads rapidly during cooling phases of the interstadials and becomes near perennial and perennial during cold stadials and Heinrich events, respectively. Low-salinity surface water and the sea ice edge spreads to the Greenland–Scotland Ridge, and during the largest Heinrich events, probably far into the Atlantic Ocean