Comparación del comportamiento de seis acoplamientos a una sembradora en dos sistemas de manejo de residuos en la producción de maíz

Field performance of six combinations of planter attachments on a conventional row-crop planter in two residue management corn production systems was evaluated. The management systems consisted of baled-out residue plots worked by a single pass of disc harrow (RMS1) or untouched residue plots worked by a single pass of chisel plow followed by a disc harrow (RMS2); both systems were planted by a row crop planter with one out of six attachments. Results revealed that both systems fell within residue cover limits defined for conservation farming. The winged chisel furrow opener preceded by a row cleaner equipped with treader wheels (WCRT) arrangement removed appreciable amounts of residues on the row for both systems, but more residues were removed for RMS2 plots. The WCRT pushed almost double amount of residue aside. In spite of higher initial residue in RMS2, chisel plowing and subsequent disc harrowing reduced more residues paving the way for planting in a more seeding depth. Higher percentage of emergence rate index was noticed for RMS2 plots. For both systems, the WCRT and chisel furrow opener preceded by a row cleaner (CR) showed the maximum and minimum quality of feed index, respectively. However this index was higher for RMS2 plots. The WCRT and CR arrangements had the minimum and the maximum multiple index values, respectively. However this index decreased significantly in RMS2 plots compared to RMS1 plots. The RMS2 treatments showed lower values of precision index, which is favorable. The results suggest that adoption of WCRT to planters in soil prepared under RMS2 is useful for a satisfactory conservation crop production system.Se evaluó el comportamiento en campo de seis acoplamientos de elementos de siembra montados sobre una sembradora convencional en surcos con dos sistemas de manejo de residuos (RMS1 y RMS2) para un cultivo de maíz: RMS1 se aplicó a parcelas cuyos residuos fueron empacados mediante un único pase de grada de discos; RMS2 consistió en un pase de arado cincel sobre los residuos sin tratar, seguido de un pase de grada de discos; en ambos sistemas la sembradora llevaba uno de seis diferentes acoplamientos. El abresurcos de reja escarificadora equipada con aletas laterales precedido por un separador de residuos y ruedas acondicionadoras (WCRT) desplazó cantidades apreciables de residuos en los surcos de ambos sistemas, pero en mayor cantidad en las parcelas RMS2. El WCRT desplazó lateralmente casi el doble de la cantidad de residuos. A pesar de haber inicialmente más residuos en RMS2, el arado de cincel y el posterior pase de grada de discos redujeron la cantidad de residuos, preparando el terreno para sembrar a una mayor profundidad. En las parcelas RMS2 hubo un índice de emergencia superior. Para ambos sistemas, el WCRT y el abresurcos de cincel precedido por el separador de residuos (CR) mostraron la máxima y mínima calidad del índice de alimentación, respectivamente. Sin embargo, este índice fue más alto en las parcelas RMS2. WCRT y CR provocaron, respectivamente, los valores mínimo y máximo del índice múltiple; sin embargo, este índice disminuyó significativamente en RMS2 frente a RMS1. RMS2 presentó el menor índice de precisión, lo cual resulta ventajoso. Los resultados sugieren que la incorporación del WCRT en las sembradoras en hileras en suelos preparados con el sistema RMS2 resulta útil para la producción con agricultura de conservación

Field performance of a pneumatic row crop planter equipped with active toothed coulter for direct planting of corn in wheat residue

In this research effects of active toothed coulter on planter penetration in semi-dried soils covered with previous wheat (triticum aestivum) residue was studied. Therefore, effects of three levels of speed ratio (coulter peripheral speed/tractor forward speed; 1.22, 2, 3) at two previous residue levels (baled and non-baled) and two modes of planter attachment (with and without row cleaner) on the corn (zea mays) planting depth and its uniformity, amount of surface residue, emergence rate index and seed spacings indices were investigated. Results showed that planting depth and its uniformity increased significantly with increasing speed ratio, so that desired planting depth was obtained at speed ratio of 2. The emergence rate index decreased with increase in speed ratio mainly due to increase in seeding depth at higher speed ratios. Miss and precision indices decreased in a significant manner with increase in the speed ratio. Other results showed that planting with row cleaner attachment into baled-out residue plots at speed ratio of 2 resulted in 31% decrease in miss and 30% decrease in precision indices as compared to control (inactive coulter). Quality of feed index at same conditions was 72%, the increase was up to 11% as compared to control. No significant difference was found between speed ratios of 2 and 3 for all the parameters studied. The results suggests that the row crop planter equipped with active toothed coulter and row cleaner attachment can be satisfactorily used for direct corn planting in hard soils covered with previous crop residues

Comparative performance of six planter attachments in two residue management corn production systems

Field performance of six combinations of planter attachments on a conventional row-crop planter in two residue management corn production systems was evaluated. The management systems consisted of baled-out residue plots worked by a single pass of disc harrow (RMS1) or untouched residue plots worked by a single pass of chisel plow followed by a disc harrow (RMS2); both systems were planted by a row crop planter with one out of six attachments. Results revealed that both systems fell within residue cover limits defined for conservation farming. The winged chisel furrow opener preceded by a row cleaner equipped with treader wheels (WCRT) arrangement removed appreciable amounts of residues on the row for both systems, but more residues were removed for RMS2 plots. The WCRT pushed almost double amount of residue aside. In spite of higher initial residue in RMS2, chisel plowing and subsequent disc harrowing reduced more residues paving the way for planting in a more seeding depth. Higher percentage of emergence rate index was noticed for RMS2 plots. For both systems, the WCRT and chisel furrow opener preceded by a row cleaner (CR) showed the maximum and minimum quality of feed index, respectively. However this index was higher for RMS2 plots. The WCRT and CR arrangements had the minimum and the maximum multiple index values, respectively. However this index decreased significantly in RMS2 plots compared to RMS1 plots. The RMS2 treatments showed lower values of precision index, which is favorable. The results suggest that adoption of WCRT to planters in soil prepared under RMS2 is useful for a satisfactory conservation crop production system

امکان‌سنجی پایش عملکرد یک کارنده‌ی اصلاح شده در سیستم کشاورزی حفاظتی با استفاده از تصاویر هواپیماهای بدون سرنشین دوره10 شماره1 سال1399

In this paper, performance of a no-till corn planter in a soil covered with previous wheat residue was evaluated. Three levels of crop residue cover (CRC): 30, 45 and 60%, two planting schemes; on-bed and in-furrow and two forward speed: (4 and 8 km h-1) were considered as treatments. The field was evaluated by ground and air observations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the capability of aerial images captured by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in identifying the distances between corn seedlings and as a result, assessing the quality of planter performance. Collected data from ground and aerial imagery were used to calculate seed establishment indices including multiple index, miss index, quality of feed index, precision index and also emergence rate index (ERI), for each plot. Images captured from10 m altitude (4.5 mm pixel-1) could give satisfactory results in relation to our objectives. Our results show that acceptable correlations existed between terrestrial and aerial seedlings spacing data sets (0.94<R<0.98) suggesting the aerial imagery is a good choice for evaluating the seed establishment and estimating ERI. Aerial imagery data source underestimated quality of feed and precision indices, overestimated miss index and could not provide processed data range needed for computing multiple index due to low image resolution, weeds presence within crop rows and overlapping of leaves.در این مقاله، عملکرد یک کارنده کشت مستقیم ذرت در زمین پوشیده از بقایای گندم (سه سطح پوشش بقایای 30، 45 و60 درصد، دو طرح کاشت روی پشته و داخل جوی، سرعت کاشت 4 و 8 کیلومتر بر ساعت) از طریق مشاهدات زمینی و هوایی ارزیابی شد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی توانایی تصاویر گرفته شده توسط پرنده‌ی بدون سرنشین برای تشخیص فواصل بین بوته‌های ذرت و در نتیجه ارزیابی کیفیت عملکرد کارنده بود. داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده از زمین و تصاویر هوایی برای محاسبه شاخص‌های استقرار بذر شامل شاخص‌های چندتایی، نکاشت، کیفیت تغذیه، دقت و همچنین شاخص سرعت جوانه‌زنی برای هر پلات، استفاده شد. تصاویر اخذ شده از ارتفاع 10 متری (5/4 میلی‌متر بر پیکسل) نتایج خوبی با توجه به اهداف ما داشت. نتایج نشان داد که همبستگی قابل قبولی (ضریب همبستگی بین 94/0 تا 98/0) میان داده‌های زمینی و هوایی فاصله بین بوته‌های ذرت وجود دارد و می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که تصویربرداری هوایی انتخاب مناسبی برای ارزیابی استقرار بذر و تخمین سرعت جوانه‌زنی می‌باشد. داده‌های تصاویر هوایی مقادیر شاخص های کیفیت تغذیه و دقت را کمتر و مقادیر شاخص نکاشت را بیشتر از نتایج داده‌های زمینی تخمین زد و نتوانست داده‌های لازم برای محاسبه شاخص چندتایی را به‌دلیل دقت پایین تصاویر، حضور علف‌های هرز مابین ردیف محصول و هم‌پوشانی برگ‌ها فراهم کند

Residue management practices and planter attachments for corn production in a conservation agriculture system

Seed placement and failure to establish a uniform plant stand are critical problems associated with production of corn (Zea mays) following wheat (Triticum aestivum) in a conservation agriculture system in Iran. Our objectives were to evaluate the performance of a corn row- crop planter equipped with two planter attachments (smooth/toothed coulters) at six wheat residue management systems (three tillage systems and two levels of surface residue) at two forward speeds of 5 and 7 km h�1. Residue retained after planting, seeding depth, emergence rate index (ERI) and seed spacing indices were determined. The baled residue plots tilled by chisel plow followed by disc harrow (BRCD) resulted in minimum residue after planting as compared to other residue treatments. Furthermore, the maximum values of the ERI and uniformity of plant spacing pertained to this treatment. Other results showed that the ERI increased up to 18% for the toothed coulter as compared to the smooth coulter. The toothed coulter also established a deeper seed placement as compared to the smooth coulter. Planting at forward speed of 5 km h�1 resulted in deeper seeding depth as compared to a forward speed of 7 km h�1. However, lower values of miss and precision indices were obtained at forward speed of 7 km h�1, indicating a more uniformity of plant spacing. Results of this study showed that equipping the conventional planter with toothed coulter and planting in soil prepared under the BRCD residue management system can result in a satisfactory conservation crop production system

Field performance of a pneumatic row crop planter equipped with active toothed coulter for direct planting of corn in wheat residue

In this research effects of active toothed coulter on planter penetration in semi-dried soils covered with previous wheat (Triticum aestivum) residue was studied. Therefore, effects of three levels of speed ratio (coulter peripheral speed/tractor forward speed; 1.22, 2, 3) at two previous residue levels (baled and non-baled) and two modes of planter attachment (with and without row cleaner) on the corn (Zea mays) planting depth and its uniformity, amount of surface residue, emergence rate index and seed spacings indices were investigated. Results showed that planting depth and its uniformity increased significantly with increasing speed ratio, so that desired planting depth was obtained at speed ratio of 2. The emergence rate index decreased with increase in speed ratio mainly due to increase in seeding depth at higher speed ratios. Miss and precision indices decreased in a significant manner with increase in the speed ratio. Other results showed that planting with row cleaner attachment into baled-out residue plots at speed ratio of 2 resulted in 31% decrease in miss and 30% decrease in precision indices as compared to control (inactive coulter). Quality of feed index at same conditions was 72%, the increase was up to 11% as compared to control. No significant difference was found between speed ratios of 2 and 3 for all the parameters studied. The results suggest that the row crop planter equipped with active toothed coulter and row cleaner attachment can be satisfactorily used for direct corn planting in hard soils covered with previous crop residues

Tomato grading system using machine vision technology and neuro-fuzzy networks (ANFIS)

Introduction: The quality of agricultural products is associated with their color, size and health, grading of fruits is regarded as an important step in post-harvest processing. In most cases, manual sorting inspections depends on available manpower, time consuming and their accuracy could not be guaranteed. Machine Vision is known to be a useful tool for external features measurement (e.g. size, shape, color and defects) and in recent century, Machine Vision technology has been used for shape sorting. The main purpose of this study was to develop new method for tomato grading and sorting using Neuro-fuzzy system (ANFIS) and to compare the accuracies of the ANFIS predicted results with those suggested by a human expert. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 300 image of tomatoes (Rev ground) was randomly harvested, classified in 3 ripeness stage, 3 sizes and 2 health. The grading and sorting mechanism consisted of a lighting chamber (cloudy sky), lighting source and a digital camera connected to a computer. The images were recorded in a special chamber with an indirect radiation (cloudy sky) with four florescent lampson each sides and camera lens was entire to lighting chamber by a hole which was only entranced to outer and covered by a camera lens. Three types of features were extracted from final images; Shap, color and texture. To receive these features, we need to have images both in color and binary format in procedure shown in Figure 1. For the first group; characteristics of the images were analysis that could offer information an surface area (S.A.), maximum diameter (Dmax), minimum diameter (Dmin) and average diameters. Considering to the importance of the color in acceptance of food quality by consumers, the following classification was conducted to estimate the apparent color of the tomato; 1. Classified as red (red > 90%) 2. Classified as red light (red or bold pink 60-90%) 3. Classified as pink (red 30-60%) 4. Classified as Turning (red 10-30%, It showed the color green change to pink) 5. Classified as Breakers (red < 10%, It showed the color green change to yellow) 6. Classified as green (The whole fruit area was green) To estimate the quality of tomato, we need to estimate background of the images. For this purpose we should follow the preocedure as shown in Fig.2. According to flowcharts shown in Fig.1, our samples will be in the following stages: (Fig.3.) Fig.4 shows that during the ripening of tomato red color is increased and green color is decreased. Indicating chlorophyll degradation while lycopen started to be produced. According to figure 6 we utilize the R and G value of tomato for ripening decision. As ripening data we utilize the mean of red and green values of pixels that are used for this goal. For correct processing of last group, edge of images were removed that had incompletely understood of the fruit color and determine color coefficients, the system with slight error could detect all parts of the damage. Quantity of damage area reported in the proportion of the total area of tomato. In the present work, 5 factors were considered and the linguistic variables corresponding to the values were created in 4 levels: size, color or ripening, a healthy and final level that classified tomatoes in 8 classes. In size level input values were minimum diameter and surface area. These values classified the tomatoes into 3 groups. In color level input values were Red and Green component values. These values were used to classify the tomatoes in 3 group, too. In healthy and unhealthy level, input value was proportion of damage area to tomato total area. This value were used to classify the tomatoes in 2 group. In final level, outputs of previous levels are our inputs now. This values going to classify the tomatoes into 8 final groups. Results and Discussion: This system can classify the tomatoes in 8 groups just with rules. For this reason we measured the accuracy of the system before training. This values were 70.7, 82.0, 95.7 and 75.5% for size, color, health and final system respectively. For achieving all ability of ANFIS in classifing we done the above measuring after training of machine. The results were 80.9, 89.5, 95.7 and 81% for size, color, health and final system respectively, that indicate the accuracy of the system is raised by 10%. A validation step is done in this study. The accuracy of the system is measured versus a human expert. The classification was done with 60 samples. The accuracies of machine were 75.9, 83.8, 94.2 and 76.5%. Analysis of results with qui-square test indicated that there is no significant difference between machine results and human expert choices.The validation process proved that system is useful in this purpose. Conclusions: This research was about evaluating of using machine vision and ANFIS in grading machines and done in off-line mode. The research was redirected to the following general conclusions: 1. To obtain an estimate of tomatoes, sample sizes were measured by using calipers and machine vision, the results showed that this system can be used to obtain dimensions. 2. For the purpose of size grading, the small diameter and the surface area of the image was used whichyielded 67% and 62% accuracy for determining the mass, in comparison the ANFIS system performance was precisely 81%. 3. For the purpose of color grading, red and green were used which is a better description of quality. For this the ANFIS system was used for color grading and it performed at 89.5%. 4. For the purpose of sample selection grading (dividing the rotten from the good), optical robot was used. The outcome of system ANFIS and the optical robots had the same results of selection at 95%. 5. In an aggregate or globally, the criteria from the above was used as an input for the grading and classification. Based on these inputs, the ultimate output was consequently categorized into 8 groups. The precision of the division or the selection was determined to be 81.5%. 6. With respect to the testing based on chi-square, it can be determined that this system can replace human workers. In addition, based on the performance and necessary adjustments to the system and its grading criteria better system can be built to replace human workers

Prediction of Seed Flow Rate of a Multi-Slot Rotor Feeding Device of a Corn Planter

In this study, a model was developed for predicting the seeding rate of corn seeds of a typical row-crop planter equipped with a multi-slot feeding device. To this, nine multi-slot rotors (with 4, 5 and 6 slots in three angles of mouth including 23°, 25° and 27°) were designed and manufactured. Tests were carried out at four levels of angular velocity of 40, 52, 62 and 78 rpm on grease belt moving at constant speed of 3.5 km h-1. Tests were completed in three replications. Discharge flow rate was measured and recorded for each treatment. The data were used to develop a model which can be used for predicting the seeding rate under various numbers of slot, mouth angle and rotor angular velocity. According to the results, angle mouth of slots, number of slots, angular velocity and the dual interaction between them showed increasing effects on weight flow rate of seeds (P-value<0.01). In the next step, raw data were used to develop the two desired models: based on the dimensional analysis technique and response surface methodology (RSM). The models outputs were compared to experimental data. The standard error of estimate for flow rate for dimensional analysis and response surface methodology (RSM) were 68.13 mm3 s-1 and 475.59 mm3 s-1, respectively. The dimensional analysis model was closer to experimental data rather than the RSM method. Thus, to predict the volume flow rate of seed, the dimensional analysis model is recommended