Femtosecond Laser Micro/nano Machining on Metallic and Semiconductor Materials

Formation of ripples or laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on semiconductor material like Silicon (Si) and on metals like Aluminum (Al) and Copper (Cu) and fabrication Silver (Ag) nanostructures in polymer matrix by femtosecond (fs) laser direct writing are reported in this paper. Laser irradiation was performed at normal incidence in air using linearly polarized Ti:Sapphire fs laser pulses of ~ 110 fs pulse duration and ~ 800 nm wavelength. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) is utilized for imaging surface morphologies of laser written structures, revealing that surface morphology depends on various material processing parameters like laser fluence, polarization, material properties and number of applied pulses. Formation of polymer capped Ag nanoparticles inside the laser written microstructures is confirmed by the appearance of surface plasmon absorption band at 448 nm in the UV-Vis extinction spectrum. Nanoparticles formed were spherical in shape with an average particle size less than 20 nm. This technique is efficient, universal, cost-effective, and environmental friendly, which has potential applications in the fabrication of micro/nanostructures on variety of materials for microelectromechanical systems, nanoelectronics and nanophotonics

Wound Healing Activity of Calotropis Procera Root Bark on Diabetic Rats

Herbal therapy and herbal medicine in traditional medicine as well as in alternative medicine practiced in the developed world. There is recent most of the harbal formulation are used to cure & improve the humal life. The present study Wound healing activity of Calotropis procera root bark on diabetic rats in that root bark is extracted from ethanolic extract using soxhlet method. The pharmacognostic study was done after that phytochemical characters should be studied. The root bark has alkaloids, Flavonoids, steroids and tannins active constituents.  Acute toxicity study carried out with three pharmacological models Incision model, Excision model, and Dead space model. All the extract show predominant activity against selected species. Extract shows beneficial effect on diabetic wound it heals in time with standard component. Overall results of this study reveals that this is an effective extract on diabetic wound. Keywords: Traditional medicine, Calotropis procera, Wound Healing Activit

Elliptical symmetry and exchangeability with characterizations

AbstractWe establish certain general characterization results on elliptically symmetric distributions and exchangeable random variables. These results yield, in particular, the results given earlier by Maxwell, Bartlett, Kingman, Ali, Smith, Arnold and Lynch, and several others

Cytokine Gene Polymorphism and Sepsis

Trauma is a significant problem across the globe with mortality more than 50%. Despite the advancement of pre-hospital care to trauma patients, early resuscitation in the emergency department, surgical interventions and intensive care monitoring mortality rate has not improved yet. The higher rate of mortality in trauma patients is usually associated with development of complications such as sepsis, septic shock, and MOF which may occur due to hysterical immune inflammatory responses. Trauma patients who developed these complications in the ICU have comparatively higher chances of mortality. Cytokines are very important for host immune response against infections and play vital roles in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The slanted expression of cytokines due to trauma may be involved in development of sepsis and related complications. The recently published work from various studies suggested that slanted expression of cytokines correlates with the variations in the promoter and structural regions of cytokine genes, which may be responsible for inter-individual differences in susceptibility to sepsis. Therefore, understanding the variations in cytokine genes and associated outcomes due to trauma would possibly contribute to the event of latest genetically changed diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that will improve the outcome in post-traumatic sepsis patients

Femtosecond Laser Micro/nano Machining on Metallic and Semiconductor Materials

Formation of ripples or laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on semiconductor material like Silicon (Si) and on metals like Aluminum (Al) and Copper (Cu) and fabrication Silver (Ag) nanostructures in polymer matrix by femtosecond (fs) laser direct writing are reported in this paper. Laser irradiation was performed at normal incidence in air using linearly polarized Ti:Sapphire fs laser pulses of ~ 110 fs pulse duration and ~ 800 nm wavelength. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) is utilized for imaging surface morphologies of laser written structures, revealing that surface morphology depends on various material processing parameters like laser fluence, polarization, material properties and number of applied pulses. Formation of polymer capped Ag nanoparticles inside the laser written microstructures is confirmed by the appearance of surface plasmon absorption band at 448 nm in the UV-Vis extinction spectrum. Nanoparticles formed were spherical in shape with an average particle size less than 20 nm. This technique is efficient, universal, cost-effective, and environmental friendly, which has potential applications in the fabrication of micro/nanostructures on variety of materials for microelectromechanical systems, nanoelectronics and nanophotonics

Implementation of High Speed Area Efficient Fixed Width Multiplier

The aim of project is to design a proposed truncated multiplier with less area utilization and low power comparing with previous multipliers. The proposed method finally reduces the number of full adders and half adders during the tree reduction. While using this proposed method experimentally, area can be saved. The output is in the form of LSB and MSB. Finally the LSB part is compressed by using operations such as deletion, reduction, truncation, rounding and final addition. In previous system, to reduce the truncation error by adding error compensation circuits. In this project truncation error is not more than 1 ulp (unit of least position). So there is no need of error compensation circuits, and the final output will be précised

Weekly iron folic acid supplementation plays differential role in maintaining iron markers level in non-anaemic and anaemic primigravida: A randomized controlled study

AbstractAnaemia during pregnancy is most commonly observed and highly prevalent in South-East Asia. Various effective programmes have been laid down for its management, mainly daily supplementation of iron folic acid (IFA) tablets. Following the same, standard obstetrical practice has included the IFA supplementation without requiring the determination of iron deficiency. In this study, a total of 120 primigravida (N=60; non-anaemic (Hb>11g/dl) and N=60 anaemic (Hb=8–11g/dl)) were selected among those attending the Antenatal Clinic in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India. They were supplemented with daily and weekly IFA tablets till 6weeks postpartum. Corresponding changes in haemoglobin level on advance of pregnancy, side effects and compliance associated with daily and weekly IFA supplementation and its associations with iron status markers were studied. The inflammatory markers were also estimated. The statistical significance level (p<0.05) between the groups were assessed by applying unpaired t-test using SPSS (version 16.0). The obtained results publicized the salutary role of daily IFA supplementation in improving the haemoglobin level and iron status markers in anaemic pregnant women though the levels could not reach up to the non-anaemic haemoglobin levels. However, weekly IFA supplementation seems to be a better approach in non-anaemic pregnant women where almost comparable results were obtained in terms of haematological parameters, gestation length and birth weight.ConclusionWeekly IFA supplementation found to be as effective as daily supplementation in iron sufficient non-anaemic pregnant women whereas anaemic pregnant women should be prescribed daily IFA supplementation irrespective of iron replete/deplete state

Pharmacy Education in India: Strategies for a Better Future

In this world of specialization and globalization the pharmacy education in India is suffering from serious backdrops and flaws. There is an urgent need to initiate an academic exercise aimed at attaining revamping of curriculum, keeping in pace with current and emerging trends in the field of pharmacy. Unfortunately all these years, enough emphasis was not laid on strengthening the components of Community Pharmacy, Hospital and Clinical pharmacy, while designing curriculum at diploma and degree levels of teaching. The curriculum followed by almost all universities in India are no were up to the world standards and students are still getting the 20-30 yrs older compounding practical exposure in labs during the graduation level. The article emphasises the concept of innovation ecosystems and quality management. Application of TQM to the educational system improves the present situation. The counseling system which serves to be the gateway of the students for entry into the profession should be brought under the scanner. Introducing specializations at the graduation level will result in professional expertise and excellence. Education is a customer focused industry and every student should be capable of evaluating themselves for continuously improving their quality and professionalism. Teacher focused mastery learning should give away to student focused smart learning. An educational institution should provide the student with a stress-free atmosphere for learning and developing his intellectual capabilities. Every college should have a counseling centre to address the problems of students in their academic and personal life. An emphasis on the concept of quality teacher is included. Revival of the pharmacy education in India is the need of the hour which in turn will pave the way for the up gradation of the pharmacy profession in the country

Agricultural Pesticide Use and Hypospadias in Eastern Arkansas

INTRODUCTION: We assessed the relationship between hypospadias and proximity to agricultural pesticide applications using a GIS-based exposure method. METHODS: We obtained information for 354 cases of hypospadias born between 1998 and 2002 in eastern Arkansas; 727 controls were selected from birth certificates. We classified exposure on pounds of pesticides (estimated by crop type) applied or persisting within 500 m of each subject’s home during gestational weeks 6 to 16. We restricted our analyses to 38 pesticides with some evidence of reproductive, developmental, estrogenic, and/or antiandrogenic effects. We estimated timing of pesticide applications using crop phenology and published records. RESULTS: Gestational age at birth [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.83–0.99], parity (OR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65–0.95), and delaying prenatal care until the third trimester (OR = 4.04; 95% CI, 1.46–11.23) were significantly associated with hypospadias. Risk of hypospadias increased by 8% for every 0.05-pound increase in estimated exposure to diclofop-methyl use (OR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01–1.15). Pesticide applications in aggregate (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70–0.96) and applications of alachlor (OR = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35–0.89) and permethrin (OR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16–0.86) were negatively associated with hypospadias. CONCLUSIONS: Except for diclofop-methyl, we did not find evidence that estimated exposure to pesticides known to have reproductive, developmental, or endocrine-disrupting effects increases risk of hypospadias. Further research on the potential effects of exposure to diclofop-methyl is recommended