A Recombinant Vaccine Effectively Induces C5a-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies and Prevents Arthritis

OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a recombinant vaccine to attenuate inflammation in arthritis by sustained neutralization of the anaphylatoxin C5a. METHODS: We constructed and expressed fusion protein of C5a and maltose binding protein. Efficacy of specific C5a neutralization was tested using the fusion protein as vaccine in three different arthritis mouse models: collagen induced arthritis (CIA), chronic relapsing CIA and collagen antibody induced arthritis (CAIA). Levels of anti-C5a antibodies and anti-collagen type II were measured by ELISA. C5a neutralization assay was done using a rat basophilic leukemia cell-line transfected with the human C5aR. Complement activity was determined using a hemolytic assay and joint morphology was assessed by histology. RESULTS: Vaccination of mice with MBP-C5a led to significant reduction of arthritis incidence and severity but not anti-collagen antibody synthesis. Histology of the MBP-C5a and control (MBP or PBS) vaccinated mice paws confirmed the vaccination effect. Sera from the vaccinated mice developed C5a-specific neutralizing antibodies, however C5 activation and formation of the membrane attack complex by C5b were not significantly altered. CONCLUSIONS: Exploitation of host immune response to generate sustained C5a neutralizing antibodies without significantly compromising C5/C5b activity is a useful strategy for developing an effective vaccine for antibody mediated and C5a dependent inflammatory diseases. Further developing of such a therapeutic vaccine would be more optimal and cost effective to attenuate inflammation without affecting host immunity

Low-energy excitations and the electronic specific heat of YbBiPt.

Neutron scattering data from the cubic heavy-fermion compound YbBiPt are presented, along with an interpretation in terms of strongly broadened crystal-field levels. To first order, the ground state is sixfold degenerate, consisting of a doublet (7) and quartet (8). Integration over these levels reproduces the observed linear specific-heat coefficient of 8 J mol -1 K -2 to within 20%. At the lowest temperatures, an extra symmetry-forbidden splitting is observed. © 1995 The American Physical Society

Groundstate properties of YbBiPt

The physical properties of YbBiPt are complicated because there are three competing energy scales all of order 1 K: the coupling energy between Yb moments as measured by the Néel temperature (T ), the splitting between the groundstate and first excited crystal electric field levels (T ) and the Kondo temperature (T ). The magnetically ordered phase below T =0.45 K appears to be reduced local moment ordering that is incommensurate with the lattice. Associated with this order is the formation of a superzone gap that can be detected by electrical resistivity measurements. Attempts to treat T and T separately only account for gross features of the data presented. © 1994. N ΔCEF K N K ΔCE

Groundstate properties of YbBiPt

The physical properties of YbBiPt are complicated because there are three competing energy scales all of order 1 K: the coupling energy between Yb moments as measured by the Néel temperature (TN), the splitting between the groundstate and first excited crystal electric field levels (TΔCEF) and the Kondo temperature (TK). The magnetically ordered phase below TN=0.45 K appears to be reduced local moment ordering that is incommensurate with the lattice. Associated with this order is the formation of a superzone gap that can be detected by electrical resistivity measurements. Attempts to treat TK and TΔCEF separately only account for gross features of the data presented. © 1994

Complement component C1q is produced by isolated articular chondrocytes.

OBJECTIVE: Inflammation and innate immune responses may contribute to development and progression of Osteoarthritis (OA). Chondrocytes are the sole cell type of the articular cartilage and produce extracellular-matrix molecules. How inflammatory mediators reach chondrocytes is incompletely understood. Previous studies have shown that chondrocytes express mRNA encoding complement proteins such as C1q, suggesting local protein production, which has not been demonstrated conclusively. The aim of this study is to explore C1q production at the protein level by chondrocytes. DESIGN: We analysed protein expression of C1q in freshly isolated and cultured human articular chondrocytes using Western blot, ELISA and flow cytometry. We examined changes in mRNA expression of collagen, MMP-1 and various complement genes upon stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines or C1q. mRNA expression of C1 genes was determined in articular mouse chondrocytes. RESULTS: Primary human articular chondrocytes express genes encoding C1q, C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, and secrete C1q to the extracellular medium. Stimulation of chondrocytes with pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulated C1QA, C1QB, C1QC mRNA expression, although this was not confirmed at the protein level. Extracellular C1q bound to the chondrocyte surface dose dependently. In a pilot study, binding of C1q to chondrocytes resulted in changes in the expression of collagens with a decrease in collagen type 2 and an increase in type 10. Mouse articular chondrocytes also expressed C1QA, C1QB, C1QC, C1R and C1S at the mRNA level. CONCLUSIONS: C1q protein can be expressed and secreted by human articular chondrocytes and is able to bind to chondrocytes influencing the relative collagen expression.status: publishe

The complement system as a potential therapeutic target in rheumatic disease

Complement activation is associated with common rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic vasculitis. Evidence linking complement activation to these diseases includes the presence of complement deposition in affected tissues, decreased levels of complement proteins and high levels of complement activation fragments in the blood and/or synovial fluid of patients with these diseases, as well as data from experimental models. Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits the complement component C5, is now approved for the treatment of rare conditions involving complement hyperactivation, and the success of this therapy has renewed interest in understanding the utility of complement inhibition in rheumatological practice, particularly for SLE. For example, inhibiting C5 is a potential means of reducing glomerular inflammation in lupus nephritis or treating thrombotic microangiopathy in SLE. The complement system is one of multiple mediators of tissue injury in complex diseases such as SLE, and identifying the disease context in which complement activation has a predominant role is a challenge. An added difficulty in RA is identifying a role for therapeutic complement inhibition within the diverse treatment modalities already available. In this Review, evidence for the therapeutic potential of complement manipulation in rheumatology practice is evaluated