Call Cultures in Orang-Utans?

BACKGROUND: Several studies suggested great ape cultures, arguing that human cumulative culture presumably evolved from such a foundation. These focused on conspicuous behaviours, and showed rich geographic variation, which could not be attributed to known ecological or genetic differences. Although geographic variation within call types (accents) has previously been reported for orang-utans and other primate species, we examine geographic variation in the presence/absence of discrete call types (dialects). Because orang-utans have been shown to have geographic variation that is not completely explicable by genetic or ecological factors we hypothesized that this will be similar in the call domain and predict that discrete call type variation between populations will be found. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We examined long-term behavioural data from five orang-utan populations and collected fecal samples for genetic analyses. We show that there is geographic variation in the presence of discrete types of calls. In exactly the same behavioural context (nest building and infant retrieval), individuals in different wild populations customarily emit either qualitatively different calls or calls in some but not in others. By comparing patterns in call-type and genetic similarity, we suggest that the observed variation is not likely to be explained by genetic or ecological differences. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: These results are consistent with the potential presence of 'call cultures' and suggest that wild orang-utans possess the ability to invent arbitrary calls, which spread through social learning. These findings differ substantially from those that have been reported for primates before. First, the results reported here are on dialect and not on accent. Second, this study presents cases of production learning whereas most primate studies on vocal learning were cases of contextual learning. We conclude with speculating on how these findings might assist in bridging the gap between vocal communication in non-human primates and human speech

UJI DIAGNOSTIK TEBAL OTOT DETRUSOR VESIKA URINARIA TERHADAP HASIL UROFLOWMETRI PADA PENDERITA BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA DALAM MENDETEKSI BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION

Background. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is often found in elderly men. The most complication of BPH is bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and can to diagnosed by urodynamic (uroflowmetri) and nonurodynamic study (ultrasonography). Maximum flow rate and detrusor wall thickness are important things in BOO. Ultrasound examinataion is the superior chosen modality to diagnose and evaluate the BOO. Objectives.to define the diagnostic value of detrusor wall thickness of the bladder with uroflowmetric results as standard reference in detecting BOO in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Material and Methods. This study is a diagnostic test . Subjects were patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in Sardjito hospital who concordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria in September 2013. Subjects were chosen using consecutive sampling. The variables in this study were detrusor wall thickness and uroflowmetric results. Statistical analysis was done using 2x2 tables to get diagnostic values. Results. Detrusor wall thickness compared with Qmaxas standard reference had sensitivity value of 81%, specificity of 69%, positive predictive value of 84%, negative predictive value of 64% and accuracy of 77% for detecting bladder outlet obstruction in BPH patients. Comparing with previous study, these diagnostic value has sensitivity almost similar but lower specificity and accuracy. This result probably caused by different gold standard usage. Conclusion.The diagnostic value of detrusor wall thickness to uroflow results is sensitive in detecting BOO in patients with BPH

Analysing customer satisfaction of civil aviation companies of Turkey with text mining

This study is aimed to determine the issues that affect customer satisfaction in mobile applications to airline companies. In this context, five of the largest airlines operating in Turkey (Turkish Airlines, Pegasus, Atlasjet, AnadoluJet, SunExpress) were included in the study. Customer reviews in the Apple Store application of these companies were provided. On the other hand, these comments were analysed by data mining method using KNIME program. Thus, the single word, binary word and triple word groups were determined the most in these comments. These words were then categorized according to their respective fields. As a result, it has been determined that customers pay attention to the functionality in mobile applications. In addition, technical competence ranks second among customer expectations. In this context, airlines need to offer different services in the online application in order to increase customer satisfaction. For this purpose, it is important that customers can access different issues such as purchasing tickets, choosing seats, different payment methods and obtaining tickets through mobile applications. This will both increase the satisfaction of the customers and increase the performance of the companies