Socioeconomic disparities in physical health among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Western Australia

Objective. Few empirical studies have specifically examined the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and health in Indigenous populations of Australia. We sought to provide insights into the nature of this relationship by examining socio-economic disparities in physical health outcomes among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in Western Australia. Design. We used a diverse set of health and SES indicators from a representative survey conducted in 20002002 on the health and development of 5289 Indigenous children aged 017 years in Western Australia. Analysis was conducted using multivariate logistic regression within a multilevel framework. Results. After controlling for age and sex, we found statistically significant socio- economic disparities in health in almost half of the associations that were investigated, although the direction, shape and magnitude of associations differed. For ear infections, recurring chest infections and sensory function problems, the patterns were generally consistent with a positive socio-economic gradient where better health was associated with higher SES. The reverse pattern was found for asthma, accidents and injuries, and oral health problems, although this was primarily observed for area-level SES indicators. Conclusion. Conventional notions of social position and class have some influence on the physical health of Indigenous children, although the diversity of results implies that there are other ways of conceptualising and measuring SES that are important for Indigenous populations. We need to consider factors that relate specifically to Indigenous circumstances and culture in the past and present day, and give more thought to how we measure social position in the Indigenous community, to gain a better understanding of the pathways from SES to Indigenous child health

Competing orders in a magnetic field: spin and charge order in the cuprate superconductors

We describe two-dimensional quantum spin fluctuations in a superconducting Abrikosov flux lattice induced by a magnetic field applied to a doped Mott insulator. Complete numerical solutions of a self-consistent large N theory provide detailed information on the phase diagram and on the spatial structure of the dynamic spin spectrum. Our results apply to phases with and without long-range spin density wave order and to the magnetic quantum critical point separating these phases. We discuss the relationship of our results to a number of recent neutron scattering measurements on the cuprate superconductors in the presence of an applied field. We compute the pinning of static charge order by the vortex cores in the `spin gap' phase where the spin order remains dynamically fluctuating, and argue that these results apply to recent scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) measurements. We show that with a single typical set of values for the coupling constants, our model describes the field dependence of the elastic neutron scattering intensities, the absence of satellite Bragg peaks associated with the vortex lattice in existing neutron scattering observations, and the spatial extent of charge order in STM observations. We mention implications of our theory for NMR experiments. We also present a theoretical discussion of more exotic states that can be built out of the spin and charge order parameters, including spin nematics and phases with `exciton fractionalization'.Comment: 36 pages, 33 figures; for a popular introduction, see http://onsager.physics.yale.edu/superflow.html; (v2) Added reference to new work of Chen and Ting; (v3) reorganized presentation for improved clarity, and added new appendix on microscopic origin; (v4) final published version with minor change

Efeitos anestésicos da administração intranasal ou intramuscular de cetamina S+ e midazolam em pomba-rola (Streptotelia sp.)

A via intranasal é uma boa alternativa por ser indolor e de fácil aplicação em aves. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos anestésicos da associação de cetamina S+ e midazolam pela via intranasal (IN) em comparação com a via intramuscular (IM) em pombos. Foram utilizados 12 pombos alocados em dois grupos com 15 dias de intervalo, os quais receberam: grupo IM: 20 mg/kg de cetamina S+ associada a 3,5 mg/kg de midazolam pela via intramuscular (musculatura do peito); e grupo IN, mesmo protocolo, porém, pela via intranasal. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: período de latência, tempo de duração em decúbito dorsal, tempo total de anestesia, tempo de recuperação e efeitos adversos. Para a análise estatística, empregou-se o teste de Wilcoxon, com as diferenças consideradas significativas quando P<0,05. O período de latência obtido foi de 30 [30-47,5] e 40 [30-50] segundos para IM e IN, respectivamente. O tempo de duração de decúbito dorsal foi de 59 [53,25-65] e 63 [37-71,25] minutos para IM e IN, respectivamente, sem diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Com relação à duração total de anestesia, foi observada diferença significativa, com 88 [86,25-94,5] e 68 [53,5-93] minutos para os grupos IM e IN, respectivamente. O tempo de recuperação foi mais curto no grupo IN (15 [4,25-19,5]) comparado ao IM (32 [28,25-38,25] minutos). Dois animais de cada grupo apresentaram regurgitação na fase de recuperação. Conclui-se que a administração de cetamina S+ e midazolam pela via intranasal é um método aceitável de administração de fármacos e produz anestesia rápida e eficaz em pombos

High throughput scanning ??LEED imaging of surface structural heterogeneity: Defective graphene on Cu(111)

Micro-low energy electron diffraction (??LEED) is frequently used in conjunction with low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) to learn about local surface structural features in small selected areas. Scanning ??LEED measurements performed with a very small electron beam (250 nm) can provide precise quantitative information about structural variations with high spatial resolution. We have developed the Source Extraction and Photometry (SEP) ??? Spot Profile Analysis (SPA) tool for evaluating scanning ??LEED data with high throughput. The capability to automate diffraction peak identification with SEP-SPA opens up the possibility to investigate systems with complex diffraction patterns in which diffraction peak positions vary rapidly for small lateral displacements on the surface. The application of this tool to evaluate scanning ??LEED data obtained for defective graphene on Cu(111) demonstrates its capabilities. A rich rotational domain structure is observed in which a majority of the graphene is co-aligned with the Cu(111) substrate and the significant remainder comprises domains with large rotations and small sizes that are comparable to the small beam size