Relação entre o desenvolvimento da camada negra e da linha de transformação em amido e a maturidade de sementes de milho

The relationship of black layer and milk line development on maize seed maturity was evaluated under tropical conditions. Seed moisture (g.kg-1), standard germination - SG (7 days, 25°C), and vigor, using accelerated aging-AA (96 hours, 42°C and 100% of RH), cold test-CT only in 1991/92 (7 days at 10°C and 7 days at 25°C) and electrical conductivity-EC (four 50-seed samples, 24 hours imbibition at 25°C) and milk line and black layer formation (using a five-stage rating system) were determined at 3 to 4 days intervals, using two genotypes (hybrid CX 133 and variety IAC 100) during the crop seasons of 1990/91 and 1991/92. The results showed that physiological maturity was reached before stage 4, based on seed germination and vigor (AA and CT) values, which occurred before that stage and presented the lowest values of EC. On the other hand, moisture content levels of 300 to 350 g.kg-1 were reached only at stage 4. The milk line ratings proved useful in predicting physiological maturity as well as the harvest maturity.A relação entre o desenvolvimento da camada negra e da linha de transformação em amido e a maturidade fisiológica de sementes de milho foi estudada durante dois anos agrícolas (1990/91 e 1991/92). Para atingir os objetivos do trabalho, avaliou-se o grau de umidade, a germinação, o vigor (envelhecimento acelerado, teste frio e condutividade elétrica) e o desenvolvimento da camada negra e da linha de transformação em amido para dois genótipos (CX 133 e IAC 100). Com base nos resultados de germinação e vigor das sementes verificou-se que a maturidade fisiológica foi alcançada antes do estádio 4. Por outro lado, graus de umidade de 30 a 35% foram alcançados somente no estádio de desenvolvimento 4. A linha de transformação em amido provou ser um instrumento útil para predizer a maturidade fisiológica e de colheita para sementes de milho

Physiological quality of rubber tree seed treated with benomyl during storage

After rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) seeds reach the physiological maturity, there is a relatively dry and cold period in the State of São Paulo, which led to the present work, in order to evaluate environmental conditions that maintain physiological seed quality. The physiological quality of rubber tree seeds, treated with benomyl (0,1%) and stored in plastic bags, was studied up to 5 months, during 87/88. The seed bags were kept under laboratory conditions during the whole storage period. To evaluate physiological seed quality, germination and vigor (germination speed and seedling lenght) tests were performed. Germination and germination speed were measured at 30°C, as well as under environmental conditions. There was no treatment effect on the maintenance of seed quality during storage. The germination, germination speed and seedling lenght were reduced as the storage period increased. The germination values were low since the beginning, which could be attributed to the low moisture content (25,4%) of the seeds. The germination test for rubber tree seeds can be performed using sand as substrate at 30°C and the final count made at the 20th day after planting.A ocorrência de um período relativamente frio e seco, imediatamente após o período de coleta de sementes de seringueira - Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. (março-abril), levou à realização do presente trabalho com o objetivo de encontrar condições adequadas de preservação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Assim, estudou-se a qualidade fisiológica de sementes, tratadas com Benlate (0,1%), e armazenadas em sacos de polietileno transparente, por períodos de 0 a 5 meses, sob condições ambientais de laboratório. Para a avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes, determinou-se a germinação e o vigor através do índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) e do comprimento da parte aérea das plântulas (CPA), em 1987 e 1988. A germinação e o IVE foram obtidos sob duas condições ambientais diferentes, ambiente do laboratório e em germinador a 30°C. O tratamento fungicida utilizado não exerceu efeito significativo na preservação das sementes. A germinação, o IVE e o CPA reduziram-se com o prolongamento do armazenamento. Os valores da germinação foram baixo desde o início dos trabalhos, o que pode ser atribuído ao teor de água inicial, que estava abaixo de 30%. O teste de germinação de sementes dessa espécie pode ser feito utilizando-se areia como substrato, a 30°C e com a contagem final aos 20 dias após a instalação do teste

Comportamento de algumas leguminosas em distintas épocas de semeadura

This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of planting dates on the behavior of ten legumes used as green manure. Field plots were laid out in a completely randomized split-plot design combining 10 legumes and four planting dates to total 40 treatments. Results obtained indicated that total dry matter production was influenced by sowing dates for all the legumes studied. Black mucuna (Styzolobium atterrimum) stood out in the January sowing and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) stood out in the October sowing. Black mucuna is indicated as the best option for rotation with a short cycle summer crop.Estudou-se, através do presente trabalho, o efeito de épocas de semeadura sobre o comportamento de diversas leguminosas, comumente utilizadas na prática da adubação verde. O delineamento experimental usado no campo foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com 40 tratamentos, constituídos pela combinação de 10 leguminosas com 4 épocas de semeadura. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que para todas as leguminosas avaliadas, as épocas de semeadura influenciaram a produção de matéria seca total, sobressaindo a mucuna preta (Stizolobiun aterrimum) na semeadura de janeiro e o guandu (Cajanus cajan) cv. FAJ e cv. Paraíba na semeadura de outubro. A mucuna preta constituiu-se na melhor opção para rotação com culturas de verão de ciclo curto

Intermediate-energy differential and integral cross sections for vibrational excitation in α-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol

9 pags.; 5 figs.; 6 tabs.Differential and integral cross section measurements, for incident electron energies in the 20-50 eV range, are reported for excitation of several composite vibrational modes in α-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA). Optimisation and frequency calculations, using GAUSSIAN 09 at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVDZ level, were also undertaken for the two most abundant conformers of THFA, with results being reported for their respective mode classifications and excitation energies. Those calculations assisted us in the experimental assignments of the composite features observed in our measured energy loss spectra. There are, to the best of our knowledge, no other experimental or theoretical data currently available in the literature against which we can compare the present results. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.Spanish (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad under Project FIS2012-31230) funding agencies who financially supported various aspects of this work.Peer Reviewe

Dehydrin-Like Proteins in Soybean Seeds in Response to Drought Stress during Seed Filling

There is no information on accumulation of dehydrin proteins during seed development and maturation of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in response to drought stress. Our objective was to study accumulation of dehydrin-like proteins in developing soybean seeds in response to drought stress. A greenhouse experiment and a field experiment were conducted. In the greenhouse experiment, three treatments were imposed on soybean plants after beginning of linear seed filling (R5): well-watered (WW), gradual stress (GS) imposed before severe stress, and sudden severe stress (SS). In the field treatments were irrigation (I) and nonirrigation (NI) (rainfed) conditions imposed from R5 to R8 (mature seeds). Greenhouse results indicated dehydrin-like proteins (28 and 32 kDa) were detected 18 d after R5 (R5.8) in developing seeds from drought-stressed plants but not in seeds from the well-watered plants. In the mature seeds, dehydrin-like proteins (28, 32, and 34 kDa) were detected in seeds from drought-stressed plants as well as the well-watered plants. In the field, dehydrin-like proteins accumulated similarly under irrigation and nonirrigation conditions, with the first detection for dehydrins (28 and 32 kDa) at 22 d after R5 (R6). Accumulation of dehydrin-like proteins was maximal in seeds harvested at 43 d after R5 (seed physiological maturity)